Appendix:Celtic Swadesh lists

This is a Swadesh list of Celtic languages, specifically Old Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Brythonic, Breton, Cornish and Welsh, compared with that of English.

Presentation

For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

Part 1	Part 2	Part 3
1-91	92-146	147-207

List

№	English	Proto-Celtic	Proto-Brythonic	Breton	Cornish	Welsh	Old Irish	Irish	Scottish Gaelic	Manx
1	I	*mī	*mi	me	my	mi, fi	mé	mé	mi	mee
2	you	*tū	*ti	te	ty	ti	tú	tú	thu	oo
3	he	*es	*eβ̃	eñ	ev	ef, fe, fo	é	sé	e	eh
4	we	*snīs	*ni	ni	ni	ni	sní	muid, sinn	sinn	shin
5	you (plural)	*swīs, *swīswīs	*hwi	c'hwi	hwi	chi, chwi	sib, síi	sibh	sibh	shiu
6	they	*eyes		i, int	i	hwy, hwynt, nhw	é	siad	iad	ad
7	this	*se-, *sindos, *so-sin		an ... mañ	an ... ma	hwn, y ... yma	in ... so	an ... seo, an ... so	an ... seo	yn ... shoh
8	that	*emo-, *sindo-de		an ... se	an ... na	hwnnw, y ... yna	in ... sin, in ... tall	an ... sin, an ... siúd	an ... sin, an ... siud	yn ... shen, yn ... shid
9	here	*sondo, *uman?		amañ	omma	yma	sund	anseo	an seo	ayns shoh, aynshoh
10	there	*anda?, *kē		aze, eno	ena	yna	tall	ansin, ansiúd	an sin, an siud	ayns shen, ayns shid
11	who	*kʷei	*puɨ	piv	piw	pwy	cía	cé	cò	quoi
12	what	*kʷid		petra	pyth	beth	cid	cad é, céard	dè	c'red, cre
13	where	*kʷuts		pelec'h	ple	ble	cairm, cía airm, cía dú	cá, cá háit, cén áit	càite	c'raad
14	when	*kʷan(o)		pedavare, pegoulz, peur, pevare	p'eur	pryd	cuin	cá huair, cathain, cén uair	cuin	cre'n traa, cooin
15	how			pegiz, penaos, pevod	fatel	sut, pa fodd	cía chruth, cía indas, cindas, co	cad é mar, cén chaoi, conas	ciamar, dè mar, cionnas	cre'n aght, kanys, kys
16	not	*ne, *nīs	*ni	ne ... ket	ny	ddim, nid	ní, nícon	cha, chan, ní	cha, chan	cha, chan
17	all	*olyos		holl, tout	oll	holl, i gyd, oll	uile	uile	uile	ooilley
18	many	*ɸilu-		kalz, lies a	lies, lower	llawer	il, imdae, mór	a lán, mórán	mòran	mooarane, ram
19	some	*nekʷos		bennak, meur a	nebes	rhai, rhyw	nach	éigin, roinnt	cuid, feadhainn	ennagh, kuse, shiartanse
20	few	*bikkano, *nekʷos		nebeut	nebes	ychydig	bec, terc, úathad	beagán	beagan, corra	beggan
21	other	*alyos, *aralyos		all, arall	aral, erel	arall	aile	eile	eile	elley
22	one	*oinos, *oinānos	*ʉn	unan	onan	un	óen	aon	aon	un, unnane
23	two	*dwau	*dọw	daou	dew, diw	dau	dá	dhá	dà	daa
24	three	*trīs	*tri	tri	tri, teyr	tair, tri	trí	trí	trì	tree
25	four	*kʷetwores	*pedwar	pevar	peswar, peder	pedwar	cethair	ceathair	ceithir	kiare
26	five	*kʷenkʷe	*pɨmp	pemp	pymp	pump	cóic	cúig	còig	queig
27	big	*brassos, *māros	*mọr	bras, meur	bras, meur	mawr	oll, mór	mór	mòr	mooar
28	long	*sīros	*hir	hir	hir	hir	fota, sír	fada	fada	foddey, liauyr
29	wide	*ɸlitanos	*llɨdan	ledan	ledan, efan	llydan	lethan	leathan	leathann, farsaing	lhean
30	thick	*remros, *tegus	*teɣ	tev, fetis	tew	tew	remor, tiug	ramhar, tiubh	tiugh	roauyr, çhiu
31	heavy	*trummos	*trum	pounner	poos	trwm	trom	trom	trom	trome
32	small	*bikkos	*bɨx	bihan	byghan, bian	bach, bychan	bec	beag	beag	beg
33	short	*birros, *gerros	*bɨrr	berr	berr	byr	cummair, berr, gerr	gearr	goirid, geàrr	giare
34	narrow	*angus	*kʉl	enk, strizh	kul, ynn	cul	cáel, cumung	cúng	caol, cumhang	coon
35	thin	*tanauyos		moan, tanav	moon, tanow	tenau	séim, tanae	tanaí	tana	thanney
36	woman	*benā	*ben, *gwrėg	gwreg, maouez	benyn	benw, benyw, dynes, gwraig, merch	ben	bean	boireannach	ben
37	man (adult male)	*wiros	*gwur	gour, gwaz, den	gour, gwas	dyn, gŵr	fer	fear	fear	dooinney, fer
38	man (human being)	*gdonyos	*dün	den	den	dyn	duine	duine	duine	dooinney
39	child (youth)	*mustākos		bugel	flogh	plant	lenab, noídiu	leanbh, páiste	pàiste, duine-cloinne	lhiannoo, paitçhey
40	wife		*gwrėg	gwreg	gwreg	gwraig	ben, séitig	bean, bean chéile	bean, bean-phòsda, bean-chèile	ben, ben heshey, ben phoost
41	husband	*wiros	*gwur	gwaz	gour	gŵr	céile, fer	fear céile	fear-pòsda	dooinney, dooinney poost, sheshey, sheshey poost
42	mother	*mātīr	*mamm	mamm	mamm	mam	máthair	máthair	màthair	moir
43	father	*ɸatīr	*tad	tad	tas	tad	athair	athair	athair	ayr
44	animal	*mīlom	*mil	aneval, loen, mil	eneval, mil	anifail, mil	anmandae, míl, robb	ainmhí	beathach, ainmhidh, beòthach	baagh, baaghtagh, bioagh, cretoor
45	fish	*ɸeiskos	*uɨsk	pesk	pysk	pysgodyn	íasc	iasc	iasg	eeast
46	bird	*ɸatar, *ɸetnos	*edn	evn, labous	edhen	aderyn	én	éan	eun	ushag
47	dog	*kū	*ki	ki	ki	ci	cú, matad	cú, gadhar, madadh, madra	cù, madadh	coo, moddey
48	louse	*luwā		laou	low	llau	míl, míl étgudo	míol cnis	mial	meeyl
49	snake	*natrixs		naer, sarpant	sarf	neidr, sarff	nathair	nathair	nathair	aarnieu, ardnieu
50	worm	*kʷrimis	*prɨβ̃	buzhug, preñv	pryv	abwydyn, mwydyn, pryf, pryf genwair	cruim	cruimh, péist	boiteag, cnuimh	beisht, beishteig, dhiane
51	tree	*kʷresnom	*prenn	gwez	gwydh	coed, colfen, pren	crann, fid	bile, crann	craobh	billey
52	forest	*kaito-	*koɨd	koad, koed	koos, koswik	coedwig, fforest	caill, fid, fidbad, ros, ruud	coill	coille	keyll
53	stick (of wood)	*lorgā		bazh	lorgh	ffon, llorf	flesc, maide	bata, maide	bata, bioran, maide	maidjey
54	fruit	*sutu-		frouezh	frooth	ffrwyth	mess, torad	toradh	meas, toradh	mess, troar
55	seed	*segeto-, *sīlom		had	has	had	síl	síol	sìol	rass, sheel
56	leaf	*dolnyā, *dolyā		del	delen	dail	duilne	duille	duilleag	duillag
57	root	*wridā		gwrizienn	gwreydh	gwraidd, gwreiddyn	frém, mecon	fréamh	freumh	fraue
58	bark (of tree)	*rūskos	*rrisk	rusk	rusk	rhisgl	coirt, crocenn, crottball, rúsc	coirt, rúsc}, snamh	rùsg	roost
59	flower	*blātus	*blọd	bleuñv	bleujen	blodyn	bláth, scoth	bláth, scoth	blàth, sìthean/dìthean, flùr	blaa
60	grass	*gʷeltā	*gwellt	geot, gwelt	gwels	gwellt	fér	féar	feur	faiyr
61	rope	*lomanā		kordenn	lovan, korden	rhaff	loman, súainem, tét	téad	ròpa, sìoman	tead
62	skin (of a person)	*krokkenom, *kroknom	*krʉn	kroc'hen	kroghen	croen	cnes, croiccenn	cneas, craiceann	craiceann	crackan
63	meat (as in flesh)	*kīkos, *mīros		kig	kig	cig	cúa, féoil	feoil	feòil	feill
64	blood	*krowos	*krow	gwad	goos	gwaed	crú, fuil	cró, fuil	fuil	fuill
65	bone	*astkornu, *knāmis		askorn	askorn	asgwrn	cnáim	cnámh	cnàimh	craue
66	fat (noun)	*gʷered-		druz, lart	blonek	saim	béoil, blonac, geir, íth	blonag, saill	geir, saill	blennick, sahll
67	egg	*āuyom		vi	oy	wy	og	ubh	ugh	ooh
68	horn	*kornu-		korn	korn	corn	adarc, benn, corn	adharc, corn	adharc, corn	corn, eairk
69	tail	*lostā		lost	lost	cynffon, llost	erball, err	eireaball	earball	arbyl, famman
70	feather(rather not down)			pluñv	pluv	plu	cleitte	cleite	ite	clooie, fedjag
71	hair	*woltos	*gwollt	blev	blew, gols	blew, gwallt	finna folt	folt, gruaig	falt, gruag	folt, gruag
72	head	*kʷennom	*penn	penn	penn	pen	cenn	ceann	ceann	kione
73	ear	*ausos, *kloustā	*klʉst	skouarn	skovarn	clust	áu, clúas	cluas	cluas	cleaysh
74	eye	*lukato-	*llugad	lagad	lagas	llygad	rosc, súil	rosc, súil	sùil	sooill
75	nose	*srognā	*froɨn	fri	troen	trwyn	srón	srón	sròn	stroin
76	mouth	*genus	*gen	beg, genoù	ganow	ceg, genau	á, bél, gin	béal	beul	beeal
77	tooth (rather not molar)	*dant	*dant	dant	dans	dant	dét, fíacail	déad, fiacail	fiacaill	feeackle
78	tongue	*tangʷāss		teod	taves	tafod	tengae	teanga	teanga	çhengey
79	fingernail	*angʷīnā	*ėɣwin	ivin	ewyn	ewin	ingen	ionga	ìne	ingin
80	foot	*tregess		troad, troed	troos	troed	cos, traig	cos, troigh	cas	cass
81	leg	*koxsā	*koɨs	gar	garr	coes	cos	cos	cas	cass, lurgey
82	knee	*glūnos	*glin	glin	glin	glin, pen-glin	glún	glúin	glùn	glioon
83	hand	*ɸlāmā	*llọβ̃	dorn	dorn	llaw	lám	lámh	làmh	laue
84	wing	*ɸatanī		askell	askel	adain, asgell	ette, scíath	eite, eiteog, sciath, sciathán	sgiath	fedjag, skian
85	belly	*bolgos	*bolɣ	kof, tor	kroth, torr	bol, bola	bolg, brú	bolg	brù	bolg
86	guts			bouzellenn	kolodhyon	coluddion, perfeddion, ymysgaroedd	cáelán, inathar	inní	mionach, caolan	collane
87	neck	*monis		gouzoug	konna	gwddf, gwddwg, mwnwgl	brága, muin, muinél	muineál	amhaich, muineal	mwannal
88	back			kein	keyn	cefn	cúl, druimm	droim	druim	dreeym
89	breast	*brusū, *kīkos	*bronn	bronn	bronn	bron	cích	brollach, cíoch	cìoch	keeagh
90	heart	*kalwond-, *kridyom	*kalwon	kalon	kolon	calon	cride	croí	cridhe	cree
91	liver	*awV-		avu	avi	afu	óa	ae	adha, grùthan	aane

Part 1	Part 2	Part 3
1-91	92-146	147-207

Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Albanian Amdo Tibetan Amharic Antillean Creole Arabic Cypriot Arabic Egyptian Arabic Juba Arabic Moroccan Arabic South Levantine Arabic Tunisian Arabic Armenian Old Armenian Aromanian Assamese Asturian Avar Avestan Awadhi Fiji Hindi Azerbaijani Bangala Bashkir Basque Belarusian Bengali Berber Moroccan Amazigh Tashelhit Central Atlas Tamazight Kabyle Tarifit Bhojpuri Breton Bugis Bulgarian Burmese Burushaski Cantonese Cape Verdean Carpathian Rusyn Catalan Cebuano Central Bikol Chambeali Chavacano Chechen Cornish Crimean Tatar Czech Old Czech Dalmatian Danish Dhivehi Dutch Afrikaans Limburgish Zealandic Egyptian English Middle English Old English Elamite Estonian Etruscan Fanagalo Faroese Fijian Finnish Fongbe French Middle French Old French Frisian Friulian Galician Gallo Gan Garo Garhwali Gaulish Gelao Georgian German Gothic Greek Ancient Greek Mariupol Greek Mycenaean Greek Guaraní Guinea-Bissau Creole Gujarati Haitian Creole Hakka Hausa Hawaiian Hebrew Hindi Hindustani Hittite Hmong Hungarian Hunsrik Icelandic Ilocano Ingush Irish Old Irish Italian Jamaican Creole Japanese Old Japanese Classical Japanese Javanese Kannada Kapampangan Kashubian Kashmiri Kazakh Khmer Komi-Zyrian Konkani Jizhao Jaunsari Korean Jeju Middle Korean Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Kurukh Kusunda Kyrgyz Latin Vulgar Latin Latvian Latgalian Ligurian Lingala Linngithigh Lithuanian Lombard Low Saxon Lower Sorbian Luwian Macedonian Maguindanao Maithili Makasar Malagasy Malay Betawi Indonesian Musi Malayalam Maltese Mandarin Mandaic Manx Māori Maranao Marathi Old Marathi Mauritian Creole Megleno-Romanian Meitei/Manipuri Middle Chinese Min Hokkien Eastern Min Mingrelian Mongolian Mokilese Muong Navajo Neapolitan Nepali Norwegian Bokmål Norwegian Nynorsk Northern Mansi Nihali Occitan Odia Ojibwe Okinawan Old Chinese Old Prussian Old Tupi Osing Ossetian Papiamento Pashto Persian Middle Persian Old Persian Phrygian Pirahã Polabian Polish Old Polish Portuguese Old Portuguese Prasun Punjabi Purepecha Quechua Romani Caló Romanian Russian Sangisari Sanskrit Saraiki Scottish Gaelic Serbo-Croatian Siberian Tatar Sicilian Silesian Sindhi Sinhala Slovak Slovene Somali Spanish Old Spanish Sranan Sumerian Sundanese Swahili Swedish Tagalog Tahitian Tajik Tamil Tatar Telugu Temiar Tetum Tigrinya Thai Tocharian A Tocharian B Tok Pisin Tooro Torwali Tswana Turkish Turkmen Tuvaluan Ukrainian Upper Sorbian Urdu Uyghur Uzbek Vietnamese Walloon Waray-Waray Welsh Wu Wutun Yiddish Zazaki Zulu Xiang ǃXóõ
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Afroasiatic Albanian Algonquian and Iroquoian Anatolian Arabic Armenian Austroasiatic Austronesian (Oceanic) Baltic Bantu Berber Celtic Brythonic Chumashan and Hokan Dené–Yeniseian Dravidian Formosan Frisian Germanic West Germanic Hellenic Hmong-Mien Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Middle Early New Dardic Pahari Rajasthani Sindhic Iranian Nuristani Italic Romance Romance (Italy) Japonic Kho-Bwa Kuki-Chin Kra–Dai Mayan Muskogean Niger–Congo Northeast Caucasian Northwest Caucasian Oto-Manguean Paleosiberian Pama-Nyungan Penutian Sino-Tibetan Sinitic Raji-Raute Tibeto-Burman Tibeto-Burman (Nepal) Tocharian Slavic Siouan and Pawnee South American Tungusic Tupian Turkic Uralic Finnic Uto-Aztecan
Constructed languages
Esperanto Ido Interlingua Lidepla Lojban Toki Pona
Reconstructed proto-languages
Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Albanian Proto-Anatolian Proto-Austroasiatic Proto-Austronesian Proto-Balto-Slavic Proto-Bantu Proto-Basque Proto-Celtic Proto-Germanic Proto-West Germanic Proto-Hellenic Proto-Indo-European Proto-Indo-Iranian Proto-Indo-Aryan Proto-Iranian Proto-Nuristani Proto-Italic Proto-Japonic Proto-Mayan Proto-Slavic Proto-Turkic Proto-Tai Proto-Tocharian
(edit this template)