Appendix:Kamkata-viri Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Kamkata-viri, compared with definitions in English. Kamkata-viri is also known as Katë or Kati.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]W = Western dialect, NE = Northeastern dialect, SE = Southeastern dialect
| № | English | Kamkata-viri Katë edit (207) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | vuze (W (most dialects)), vuzë (W (Ktivi dialect)), ũ, ũć (NE), õ, õć (SE) | /ˈβuze/, /ˈβuzɘ/, /ˈũ/, /ˈũt̻͡s̪/, /ˈõ/, /ˈõt̻͡s̪/ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | tyu (W, NE), tü (SE) | /ˈt̪ju/, /ˈt̪y/ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ni, ki, stë (W), inë, iki, stë (NE), yinë, yiyi, askë (SE) | /ˈn̪i/, /ˈki/, /ˈst̪ɘ/, /iˈn̪ɘ/, /iˈki/, /ˈst̪ɘ/, /jiˈn̪ɘ/, /jiˈji/, /asˈkɘ/ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | yimo (W (most dialects)), yimu (W (Ktivi dialect)), imu (NE), yimo (SE) | /jiˈmu/, /jiˈmu/, /iˈmu/, /jiˈmo/ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | šo (W, NE, SE) | /ˈɕo/ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | amni, amki (W, NE), stë (W), amnë, amgi (SE) | /amˈn̪i/, /amˈki/, /ˈst̪ɘ/, /amˈn̪ɘ/, /amˈɡi/ |
| 7 | this | ni (W), inë (NE), yinë (SE) | /ˈn̪i/, /iˈn̪ɘ/, /jiˈn̪ɘ/ |
| 8 | that | ki, stë (W), iki, stë (NE), yiyi, askë (SE) | /ˈki/, /ˈst̪ɘ/, /iˈki/, /ˈst̪ɘ/, /jiˈji/, /asˈkɘ/ |
| 9 | here | ani (W, NE, SE) | /aˈn̪i/ |
| 10 | there | atki (W, NE), sta (W), aki (SE) | /at̪ˈki/, /ˈst̪a/, /aˈki/ |
| 11 | who | kači (W, NE, SE) | /ˈkat͡ɕi/ |
| 12 | what | kay (W, NE, SE (Mumo dialect)), kā (SE (most dialects)) | /ˈkai̯/, /ˈkaː/ |
| 13 | where | kuvu (W, NE), kuyū (SE) | /ˈkuβu/, /ˈkujuː/ |
| 14 | when | kuyi (W), kuy (NE), kuyī (SE) | /ˈkuji/, /ˈkui̯/, /kuˈjiː/ |
| 15 | how | kastë (W (Ktivi, Ramgal dialect)), kaštë (W (Kulem dialect)), kay stë (NE), kā stë (SE) | /ˈkast̪ɘ/, /ˈkaɕt̪ɘ/, /ˈkai̯ st̪ɘ/, /ˈkaː st̪ɘ/ |
| 16 | not | ne (W, NE), na (SE) | /ˈn̪e/, /ˈn̪a/ |
| 17 | all | suv (W), ćak, ćaṅ (NE), sũ (SE (most dialects)), suṅ (SE (Mumo dialect)) | /ˈsuβ/, /ˈt̻͡s̪ak/, /ˈt̻͡s̪aŋ/, /ˈsũ/, /ˈsuŋ/ |
| 18 | many | bëlyuk (W, NE), bilyük (SE) | /bɘlˈjuk/, /bilˈjyk/ |
| 19 | some | evrë (W), ērë (NE), erë (SE) | /eβˈɾɘ/, /eːˈɾɘ/, /eˈɾɘ/ |
| 20 | few | ču (W), e či (NE, SE) | /ˈt͡ɕu/, /e ˈt͡ɕi/ |
| 21 | other | vale (W), varẽ (NE), vare (SE) | /βaˈl̪e/, /ˈβaɾẽ/, /ˈvaɾe/ |
| 22 | one | e, ev (W, NE, SE), ē (SE) | /ˈe/, /ˈeβ/, /ˈeː/ |
| 23 | two | dyu (W, NE), dü (SE) | /ˈd̪ju/, /ˈd̪y/ |
| 24 | three | tre (W, SE), tëre (NE) | /ˈt̪ɾe/, /t̪ɘˈɾe/ |
| 25 | four | štëvo (W, NE), što (SE) | /ɕt̪ɘˈβo/, /ˈɕt̪o/ |
| 26 | five | puč (W, NE, SE) | /ˈput͡ɕ/ |
| 27 | big | alë (W, NE), ōlë (SE) | /ˈal̪ɘ/, /ˈoːl̪ɘ/ |
| 28 | long | drëgeř (W (Kulem dialect)), drëgëř (W (Ktivi dialect)), dërëgëň (NE), drëṅëň (SE) | /d̪ɾɘˈɡeɻ/, /d̪ɾɘˈɡɘɻ/, /d̪ɘɾɘˈɡɘɻ̃/, /d̪ɾɘˈŋɘɻ̃/ |
| 29 | wide | vëšteř (W), višteř (NE), vištëř (SE) | /βɘɕˈt̪eɻ/, /βiɕˈt̪eɻ/, /viɕˈt̪ɘɻ/ |
| 30 | thick | buvṭë (W), būṭë (SE) | /buβˈʈɘ/, /ˈbuːʈɘ/ |
| 31 | heavy | ganvo (NE), ganëvo (SE) | /ɡan̪ˈβo/, /ɡaˈn̪ɘvo/ |
| 32 | small | pëmëřuk (W), lukë (NE), turćë̃ (SE) | /pɘˈmɘɻuk/, /ˈl̪ukɘ/, /t̪uɾˈt̻͡s̪ɘ̃/ |
| 33 | short | mëṭë (W), muṭë (NE), muṛë (SE) | /mɘˈʈɘ/, /muˈʈɘ/, /muˈɽɘ/ |
| 34 | narrow | aruř (W (Ktivi dialect)), arëň (SE) | /aˈɾuɻ/, /aˈɾɘɻ̃/ |
| 35 | thin | lëmëř (W (Ktivi dialect)), lëmeň (NE), lamëň (SE) | /l̪ɘˈmɘɻ/, /l̪ɘˈmeɻ̃/, /l̪aˈmɘɻ̃/ |
| 36 | woman | juk (W), jukuř (NE), juǧuř (SE) | /ˈd͡ʑuk/, /ˈd͡ʑukuɻ/, /ˈd͡ʑuɰuɻ/ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | moč (W (most dialects), NE, SE), muč (W (Ktivi dialect)) | /ˈmot͡ɕ/, /ˈmut͡ɕ/ |
| 38 | man (human being) | manči (W, NE), manji (SE) | /man̪ˈt͡ɕi/, /man̪ˈd͡ʑi/ |
| 39 | child | kuřë (W, SE), kuř (NE) | /kuˈɻɘ/, /ˈkuɻ/ |
| 40 | wife | štri (W, SE), štëri (NE) | /ˈɕt̪ɾi/, /ɕt̪ɘˈɾi/ |
| 41 | husband | moč (W (most dialects), NE, SE), muč (W (Ktivi dialect)) | /ˈmot͡ɕ/, /ˈmut͡ɕ/ |
| 42 | mother | nu (W, NE), nū (SE) | /ˈn̪u/, /ˈnuː/ |
| 43 | father | to (W, NE), tot (SE) | /ˈt̪o/, /ˈt̪ot̪/ |
| 44 | animal | yuṣkuṣ (W, NE), yaṣkuṣ (SE) | /juʂˈkuʂ/, /jaʂˈkuʂ/ |
| 45 | fish | maćë (W), ō maći (SE) | /maˈt̻͡s̪ɘ/, /ˈoː mat̻͡s̪i/ |
| 46 | bird | mřëṅeć (W), mřëṅećë (NE), mřaṅźë (SE) | /mɻɘŋˈet̻͡s̪/, /mɻɘŋˈet̻͡s̪ɘ/, /mɻaŋˈd̻͡z̪ɘ/ |
| 47 | dog | křuyi (W), kuři (NE, SE) | /kɻuˈji/, /kuˈɻi/ |
| 48 | louse | yuv (W), vü (NE), yü (SE) | /ˈjuβ/, /ˈβy/, /ˈjy/ |
| 49 | snake | bibimstë (W, NE), babistë (SE) | /biˈbimst̪ɘ/, /baˈbist̪ɘ/ |
| 50 | worm | gu (W, NE, SE) | /ˈɡu/ |
| 51 | tree | kënë (W), këno (NE), kano (SE) | /kɘˈn̪ɘ/, /kɘˈn̪o/, /kaˈn̪o/ |
| 52 | forest | bënë (W), ben (NE), banë (SE) | /bɘˈn̪ɘ/, /ˈben̪/, /baˈn̪ɘ/ |
| 53 | stick | ḍun (W, NE, SE) | /ˈɖun̪/ |
| 54 | fruit | kac̣ëvec̣ (W (most dialects), SE), kadvec̣ (W (Ramgal dialect)), kaẓvec̣ (NE) | /kaʈ͡ʂɘˈβeʈ͡ʂ/, /kadˈβeʈ͡ʂ/, /kaʐˈβeʈ͡ʂ/ |
| 55 | seed | bi (W, NE, SE) | /ˈbi/ |
| 56 | leaf | přor (W), por (NE, SE) | /ˈpɻoɾ/, /ˈpoɾ/ |
| 57 | root | lu (W, NE, SE) | /ˈl̪u/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | čë (W, NE, SE) | /ˈt͡ɕɘ/ |
| 59 | flower | piš (W, NE, SE) | /ˈpiɕ/ |
| 60 | grass | yus (W, NE, SE) | /ˈjus/ |
| 61 | rope | mënë (W), mëne (NE), mane (SE) | /mɘˈn̪ɘ/, /mɘˈn̪e/, /maˈn̪e/ |
| 62 | skin | čom (W (most dialects), NE, SE), čum (W (Ktivi dialect)) | /ˈt͡ɕom/, /ˈt͡ɕum/ |
| 63 | meat | ano (W, SE), bëṭë (NE) | /aˈn̪o/, /bɘˈʈɘ/ |
| 64 | blood | luy (W, NE, SE) | /ˈl̪ui̯/ |
| 65 | bone | aṭi (W, NE), aṛi (SE) | /aˈʈi/, /aˈɽi/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | sko (W, NE), skyo (SE) | /ˈsko/, /ˈskjo/ |
| 67 | egg | përë (W), puṛuk (NE), aẓo (SE) | /pɘˈɾɘ/, /puˈɽuk/, /aˈʐo/ |
| 68 | horn | ṣiṅë (W), ṣiṅ (NE, SE) | /ʂiˈŋɘ/, /ˈʂiŋ/ |
| 69 | tail | drëmři (W), dëmřey (NE), dëmëři (SE) | /d̪ɾɘmˈɻi/, /d̪ɘmˈɻei̯/, /d̪ɘˈmɘɻi/ |
| 70 | feather | paṭë (W, NE), paṛü (SE) | /paˈʈɘ/, /paˈɽy/ |
| 71 | hair | ẓuv (W (most dialects)), ẓyuv (W (Kulem dialect)), ẓu (NE), ẓü (SE) | /ˈʐuβ/, /ˈʐjuβ/, /ˈʐu/, /ˈʐy/ |
| 72 | head | ṣayi (W), ṣey (NE), ʂē (SE) | /ʂaˈji/, /ˈʂei̯/, /ˈʂeː/ |
| 73 | ear | kor (W, NE, SE) | /ˈkoɾ/ |
| 74 | eye | ači (W (most dialects)), ače (W (Ktivi dialect)), ačẽ (NE, SE) | /aˈt͡ɕi/, /aˈt͡ɕe/, /aˈt͡ɕẽ/ |
| 75 | nose | nasuř (W, NE), nazuř (SE) | /n̪aˈsuɻ/, /n̪aˈzuɻ/ |
| 76 | mouth | aši (W, NE), aži (SE) | /aˈɕi/, /aˈʑi/ |
| 77 | tooth | dut (W, NE, SE) | /ˈd̪ut̪/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | diz (W), dić (NE, SE) | /ˈd̪iz/, /ˈd̪it̻͡s̪/ |
| 79 | fingernail | nače (W, NE), načẽ (SE) | /n̪aˈt͡ɕe/, /naˈt͡ɕẽ/ |
| 80 | foot | kyur (W, NE), kür (SE) | /ˈkjuɾ/, /ˈkyɾ/ |
| 81 | leg | zepo (W), kyur (NE), źãpo (SE) | /ˈz̪epo/, /ˈkjuɾ/, /d̻͡z̪ãˈpo/ |
| 82 | knee | zo (W (most dialects)), zu (W (Ktivi dialect)), zõ (NE), źõ (SE) | /ˈzo/, /ˈzu/, /ˈzõ/, /ˈd̻͡z̪õ/ |
| 83 | hand | dušt (W ), duy (NE), düšt (SE) | /ˈd̪uɕt̪/, /ˈd̪ui̯/, /ˈdyɕt̪/ |
| 84 | wing | paṭë (W, NE), paṛü (SE) | /paˈʈɘ/, /paˈɽy/ |
| 85 | belly | kṭyol (W), kṭol (NE, SE) | /kʈˈjol̪/, /kʈˈol̪/ |
| 86 | guts | řu (W, SE), pyu (NE) | /ˈɻu/, /ˈpju/ |
| 87 | neck | mareyik (W), marẽyk (NE), marëňiṅ (NE) | /maˈɾejik/, /maˈɾẽi̯k/, /maˈɾɘɻ̃iŋ/ |
| 88 | back | pṭi (W, NE, SE) | /ˈpʈi/ |
| 89 | breast | čuk (W, NE, SE) | /ˈt͡ɕuk/ |
| 90 | heart | zërë (W, NE), źarë (SE) | /zɘˈɾɘ/, /d̻͡z̪aˈɾɘ/ |
| 91 | liver | yayi (W), yaňay (NE), yaňi (SE) | /jaˈji/, /jaˈɻ̃ai̯/, /jaˈɻ̃i/ |
| 92 | to drink | pye- (W (Kulem dialect)), pëye- (W (Ktivi dialect)), pī- (NE, SE) | /ˈpje/, /pɘˈje/, /ˈpiː/ |
| 93 | to eat | yu- (W, NE), yü- (SE) | /ˈju/, /ˈjy/ |
| 94 | to bite | kule- (W), kuřë- (SE) | /kuˈl̪e/, /kuˈɻɘ/ |
| 95 | to suck | ćpe- (W), ćpë- (SE) | /ˈt̻͡s̪pe/, /ˈt̻͡s̪pɘ/ |
| 96 | to spit | ṣëpṣov- (W), sapjü aṭlō- (SE) | /ʂɘpˈʂoβ/, /sapˈd͡ʑy aʈl̪oː/ |
| 97 | to vomit | baruň ašë- (SE) | /baˈɾuɻ̃ aɕɘ/ |
| 98 | to blow | dëmō- (W (Kulem dialect)), pü bosë̃ vī- (SE) | /d̪ɘˈmoː/, /ˈpy bosɘ̃ viː/ |
| 99 | to breathe | šü̃ kṣō- (SE) | /ˈɕỹ kʂoː/ |
| 100 | to laugh | këne- (W, NE), kanë- (SE) | /kɘˈn̪e/, /kaˈn̪ɘ/ |
| 101 | to see | vëře- (W (most dialects)), vaře- (W (Ktivi dialect)), vaňe- (NE), vaňë- (SE) | /βɘˈɻe/, /βaˈɻe/, /βaˈɻ̃e/, /vaˈɻ̃ɘ/ |
| 102 | to hear | sëṅa- (W, NE), saṅa- (SE) | /sɘˈŋa/, /saˈŋa/ |
| 103 | to know | zaře- (W), zaňe- (NE), źaňë- (SE) | /zaˈɻe/, /zaˈɻ̃e/, /d̻͡z̪aˈɻ̃ɘ/ |
| 104 | to think | vëše- (W), viši- (NE), viži- (SE) | /βɘˈɕe/, /βiˈɕi/, /viˈʑi/ |
| 105 | to smell | gun kṣō- (SE) | /ˈɡun̪ kʂoː/ |
| 106 | to fear | vëdiře- (W), vëdëře- (NE), vidëřë- (SE) | /βɘd̪iˈɻe/, /βɘd̪ɘˈɻe/, /viˈd̪ɘɻɘ/ |
| 107 | to sleep | pṣu- (W, NE, SE) | /ˈpʂu/ |
| 108 | to live | jëve- (W), jive- (NE), jǖ- (SE) | /ˈd͡ʑɘβe/, /ˈd͡ʑiβe/, /ˈd͡ʑyː/ |
| 109 | to die | mře- (W, NE, SE) | /ˈmɻe/ |
| 110 | to kill | jaře- (W), jiňe- (NE), jaňë- (SE) | /ˈd͡ʑaɻe/, /ˈd͡ʑiɻ̃e/, /ˈd͡ʑaɻ̃ɘ/ |
| 111 | to fight | ṣëče- (W (Ktivi dialect)), ṣče- (W (Kultem dialect)), ṣyi- (NE), kalë ku- (SE) | /ʂɘˈt͡ɕe/, /ˈʂt͡ɕe/, /ˈʂji/, /kaˈl̪ɘ ku/ |
| 112 | to hunt | šartoř ku- (SE) | /ɕaɾˈt̪oɻ ku/ |
| 113 | to hit | vye- (W), vi- (NE), vī- (SE) | /ˈβje/, /ˈβi/, /ˈviː/ |
| 114 | to cut | dale- (W), špa- (NE), dalë- (SE) | /d̪aˈl̪e/, /ˈɕpa/, /d̪aˈl̪ɘ/ |
| 115 | to split | peṭe- (W, NE), peṛë- (SE) | /ˈpeʈe/, /ˈpeɽɘ/ |
| 116 | to stab | pūši- (NE) | /ˈpuːɕi/ |
| 117 | to scratch | kṣe- (W), c̣kňe- (NE), c̣aṅëňe- (SE) | /ˈkʂe/, /ˈʈ͡ʂkɻ̃e/, /ʈ͡ʂaˈŋɘɻ̃e/ |
| 118 | to dig | kuče- (W), kučë- (NE), kčë- (SE) | /kuˈt͡ɕe/, /kut͡ɕɘ/, /ˈkt͡ɕɘ/ |
| 119 | to swim | noš ku- (SE), noš ku- (SE) | /ˈn̪oɕ ku/, /ˈn̪oɕ ku/ |
| 120 | to fly | vudra- (W), e- (NE), po te- (SE) | /βuˈd̪ɾa/, /ˈe/, /po t̪e/ |
| 121 | to walk | e- (W), e- (NE), po te- (SE) | /ˈe/, /ˈe/, /po t̪e/ |
| 122 | to come | aće- (W), aćë- (NE, SE) | /aˈt̻͡s̪e/, /aˈt̻͡s̪ɘ/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | čũ přazī- (SE) | /ˈt͡ɕũ pɻaziː/ |
| 124 | to sit | nëše- (W), niše- (NE), je- (SE) | /nɘˈɕe/, /niˈɕe/, /ˈd͡ʑe/ |
| 125 | to stand | tye- (W), ti- (NE), tī- (SE) | /ˈt̪je/, /ˈt̪i/, /ˈt̪iː/ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | pëlṅe- (W), pëlëṅe- (NE), pilṅi- (SE) | /pɘl̪ˈŋe/, /pɘl̪ɘˈŋe/, /pil̪ˈŋi/ |
| 127 | to fall | pëlṭye- (W), pëlṭe- (NE), pilṭë- (SE) | /pɘl̪ˈʈje/, /pɘl̪ˈʈe/, /pil̪ˈʈɘ/ |
| 128 | to give | pře- (W, NE, SE) | /ˈpře/ |
| 129 | to hold | dame- (W, NE), vanmë- (SE) | /d̪aˈme/, /ˈvan̪mɘ/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | vëṣṭe- (W), viṣṭë- (SE) | /βɘʂˈʈe/, /viʂˈʈɘ/ |
| 131 | to rub | kṣe- (W), kaẓë- (SE) | /ˈkʂe/, /kaˈʐɘ/ |
| 132 | to wash | dëre- (W, NE), darë- (SE) | /d̪ɘˈɾe/, /d̪aˈɾɘ/ |
| 133 | to wipe | saǧa- (SE) | /saˈɰa/ |
| 134 | to pull | kṣō- (W, NE, SE) | /ˈkʂoː/ |
| 135 | to push | spī- (SE) | /ˈspiː/ |
| 136 | to throw | aše- (W), aši- (NE), aži- (SE) | /aˈɕe/, /aˈɕi/, /aˈʑi/ |
| 137 | to tie | gëṭye- (W), geṭe- (NE), giṛë- (SE) | /ɡɘˈʈje/, /ɡeˈʈe/, /ɡiˈɽɘ/ |
| 138 | to sew | šëve- (W), šive- (NE), šǖ- (SE) | /ɕɘˈβe/, /ɕiˈβe/, /ˈɕyː/ |
| 139 | to count | gëře- (W), gëňe- (NE), gaňe- (SE) | /ɡɘˈɻe/, /ɡɘˈɻ̃e/, /ɡaˈɻ̃e/ |
| 140 | to say | jë ku- (W, NE), gijë ku- (SE) | /ˈd͡ʑɘ ku/, /ɡiˈd͡ʑɘ ku/ |
| 141 | to sing | lalu ku- (W), lālu ku- (NE, SE) | /ˈl̪al̪u ku/, /ˈl̪aːl̪u ku/ |
| 142 | to play | mëšye- (W), mišë- (NE), mižë- (SE) | /mɘˈɕje/, /miˈɕɘ/, /miˈʑɘ/ |
| 143 | to float | paćeř aćë- (SE) | /paˈt̻͡s̪eɻ at̻͡s̪ɘ/ |
| 144 | to flow | ačuṇe- (W, NE), ačuṇë- (SE) | /at͡ɕuˈɳ̪e/, /aˈt͡ɕuɳ̪ɘ/ |
| 145 | to freeze | yuć za- (W (Kulem dialect)), še ti- (NE), šē tī- (SE) | /ˈjut̻͡s̪ za/, /ˈɕe t̪i/, /ˈɕeː t̪iː/ |
| 146 | to swell | apse- (W, NE), apsë- (SE) | /apˈse/, /apˈs̪ɘ/ |
| 147 | sun | su (W (most dialects), NE, SE), suvay (W (Kulem dialect)) | /ˈsu/, /ˈsuβai̯/ |
| 148 | moon | mos (W (most dialects), NE, SE), mus (W (Ktivi dialect)) | /ˈmos/, /ˈmus/ |
| 149 | star | što (W), řušto (NE), řašto (SE) | /ˈɕt̪o/, /ɻuɕˈt̪o/, /ɻaɕˈt̪o/ |
| 150 | water | avë (W), ō (NE, SE) | /aˈβɘ/, /ˈoː/ |
| 151 | rain | agol (W, NE, SE) | /aˈɡol̪/ |
| 152 | river | gëlev (W (Kulem dialect)), gëlev (W (Ktivi dialect)), gulō (NE), galō (SE) | /ɡɘl̪ˈeβ/, /ɡul̪ˈɘβɘ/, /ɡul̪ˈoː/, /ɡal̪ˈoː/ |
| 153 | lake | nilë (W, NE, SE), sur (W, NE, SE) | /niˈl̪ɘ/, /ˈsuɾ/ |
| 154 | sea | daryop (SE) | /d̪aɾˈjop/ |
| 155 | salt | ẓuk (W, NE, SE) | /ˈʐuk/ |
| 156 | stone | voṭ (W, NE, SE) | /ˈβoʈ/ |
| 157 | sand | ćyuy (W), ćuyu (NE), ćü (SE) | /ˈt̻͡s̪jui̯/, /ˈt̻͡s̪uju/, /ˈt̻͡s̪y/ |
| 158 | dust | pëřës (W), pëřesë (NE), pařɘsɘ duř (SE) | /pɘˈɻɘs/, /pɘˈɻesɘ/, /paˈɻɘsɘ d̪uɻ/ |
| 159 | earth | bim (W (Ktivi dialect), NE), byum (W (Kulem dialect)), büm (SE) | /ˈbim/, /ˈbjum/, /ˈbym/ |
| 160 | cloud | naru (W, NE), niru (SE) | /n̪aˈɾu/, /n̪iˈɾu/ |
| 161 | fog | me (W, NE, SE) | /ˈme/ |
| 162 | sky | dik (W), di (NE, SE) | /ˈd̪ik/, /ˈd̪i/ |
| 163 | wind | dëmi (W, NE), damu (SE) | /d̪ɘˈmi/, /d̪aˈmu/ |
| 164 | snow | zim (W, NE), źim (SE) | /ˈzim/, /ˈd̻͡z̪im/ |
| 165 | ice | še (W, NE), šē (SE) | /ˈɕe/, /ˈɕeː/ |
| 166 | smoke | dyum (W, NE), düm (SE) | /ˈd̪jum/, /ˈd̪ym/ |
| 167 | fire | aṅo (W, NE, SE) | /aˈŋo/ |
| 168 | ash | asë (W, NE), azë (SE) | /aˈsɘ/, /aˈzɘ/ |
| 169 | to burn | luṣe- (W, NE), luẓë- (SE) | /l̪uˈʂɘ/, /l̪uˈʐɘ/ |
| 170 | road | put (W, NE, SE) | /ˈput̪/ |
| 171 | mountain | do (W, NE, SE) | /ˈd̪o/ |
| 172 | red | zëřë (W), zëňë (NE), źëňë (SE) | /zɘˈɻɘ/, /zɘˈɻ̃ɘ/, /ˈd̻͡z̪ɘˈɻ̃ɘ/ |
| 173 | green | adrë (W (Ktivi dialect)), ādërë (W (Kulem dialect)), ninilë (NE), ādrë, kuğuň (SE) | /ˈad̪ɾɘ/, /ˈaːd̪ɘɾɘ/, /n̪iˈn̪il̪ɘ/, /ˈaːd̪ɾɘ/, /ˈkuɰuɻ̃/ |
| 174 | yellow | adrë (W (Ktivi dialect)), ādërë (W (Kulem dialect)), aydërë (NE), ādrë (SE) | /ˈad̪ɾɘ/, /ˈaːd̪ɘɾɘ/, /ˈai̯d̪ɘɾɘ/, /ˈaːd̪ɾɘ/ |
| 175 | white | kaširë (W (most dialects), NE), kašerë (W (Ktivi dialect)), kažirë (SE) | /kaˈɕiɾɘ/, /kaˈɕeɾɘ/, /kaˈʑiɾɘ/ |
| 176 | black | ẓi (W, NE), ẓī (SE) | /ˈʐi/, /ˈʐiː/ |
| 177 | night | řotr (W, SE), řador (W, NE, SE) | /ˈɻot̪ɾ/, /ɻaˈd̪oɾ/ |
| 178 | day | gërjor (W, NE), gajar (SE) | /ɡɘɾˈd͡ʑoɾ/, /ɡaˈd͡ʑaɾ/ |
| 179 | year | së (W, SE), ssë (NE) | /ˈsɘ/, /ˈssɘ/ |
| 180 | warm | tpi (W), tëpi (NE), tapi (SE) | /ˈt̪pi/, /t̪ɘpˈi/, /t̪apˈi/ |
| 181 | cold | šilë (W, NE), šalë (SE) | /ɕiˈl̪ɘ/, /ɕaˈl̪ɘ/ |
| 182 | full | përe (W (Ktivi dialect)), pare (W (Kulem dialect)), parik (NE), parē (SE) | /pɘˈɾe/, /paˈɾe/, /paˈɾik/, /paˈɾeː/ |
| 183 | new | nuy (W), nuyi (NE), nuyĩ (SE) | /ˈn̪ui̯/, /n̪uˈji/, /n̪uˈjĩ/ |
| 184 | old | përdë (W), purdë (NE, SE) | /pɘɾˈd̪ɘ/, /puɾˈd̪ɘ/ |
| 185 | good | ley (W, NE), lē (SE) | /ˈl̪ei̯/, /ˈl̪eː/ |
| 186 | bad | ḍëgërë (W), ḍëgerë (NE), ḍağërë (SE) | /ɖɘˈɡɘɾɘ/, /ɖɘˈɡeɾɘ/, /ɖaˈɰɘɾɘ/ |
| 187 | rotten | pkelë (W), pkulë (SE) | /ˈpkel̪ɘ/, /ˈpkul̪ɘ/ |
| 188 | dirty | čaṣku (W, SE) | /t͡ɕaʂˈku/ |
| 189 | straight | ṣṭalë (W, NE, SE) | /ˈʂʈal̪ɘ/ |
| 190 | round | përë (W), puṛë (NE), puṇḍrë (SE) | /pɘˈɾɘ/, /puˈɽɘ/, /puɳˈɖɾɘ/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ćyo (W, NE, SE) | /ˈt̻͡s̪jo/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | mëṭo (W), muṭë (NE), ḍuṛë (SE) | /mɘˈʈo/, /muˈʈɘ/, /ɖuˈɽɘ/ |
| 193 | smooth | sëlkyëř (W), sëlkyëň (NE), sëlkëň (SE) | /sɘl̪ˈkjɘɻ/, /sɘl̪ˈkjɘɻ̃/, /sɘl̪ˈkɘɻ̃/ |
| 194 | wet | ẓëlë (W, NE, SE) | /ʐɘˈl̪ɘ/ |
| 195 | dry | dëři (W), dëňi (NE), dumë (SE) | /d̪ɘˈɻi/, /d̪ɘˈɻ̃i/, /d̪uˈmɘ/ |
| 196 | correct | sayi (SE) | /saˈji/ |
| 197 | near | tëvre (W), tëvërẽ (NE), tūrẽ (SE) | /t̪ɘβˈɾe/, /t̪ɘβɘˈɾẽ/, /ˈt̪uːɾẽ/ |
| 198 | far | bëdyuř (W, NE), badüř (SE) | /bɘˈd̪juɻ/, /baˈd̪yɻ/ |
| 199 | right | daćyu (W), daćyẽ (NE), pačuṭ (SE) | /d̪aˈt̻͡s̪ju/, /d̪aˈt̻͡s̪jẽ/, /paˈt͡ɕuʈ/ |
| 200 | left | kavë (W), kā (NE), ku (SE) | /kaˈβɘ/, /ˈkaː/, /ˈku/ |
| 201 | at | -u, -vu (W, NE, SE) | /u/, /βu/ |
| 202 | in | atu (W), atë (SE) | /aˈt̪u/, /aˈt̪ɘ/ |
| 203 | with | meṣ (W, SE), meň (NE) | /meʂ/, /meɻ̃/ |
| 204 | and | -je (W, NE, SE) | /d͡ʑe/ |
| 205 | if | -bo (W, NE, SE), -to (W, SE), -tã (NE) | /bo/, /t̪o/, /t̪ã/ |
| 206 | because | ∅ (W, NE, SE) | /∅/ |
| 207 | name | nom (W (most dialects), NE, SE), num (W (Ktivi dialect)) | /ˈn̪om/, /ˈn̪um/ |