Appendix:Old Portuguese Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Old Galician-Portuguese, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| No. | English | Old Portuguese Nossa lenguage |
IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | eu | ˈɛw |
| 2 | you (singular) | tu | ˈtu |
| 3 | he | ele | ˈele |
| 4 | we | nos | ˈnɔs̺ |
| 5 | you (plural) | vos | ˈβɔs̺ |
| 6 | they | eles | ˈeles̺ |
| 7 | this | esto, aquesto | ˈes̺to, aˈkes̺to |
| 8 | that | aquelo | aˈkelo |
| 9 | here | aqui | aˈki |
| 10 | there | ali | aˈli |
| 11 | who | quen | kẽ |
| 12 | what | que | ke |
| 13 | where | u | ˈu |
| 14 | when | quando | ˈkwãdo |
| 15 | how | como | ˈkomo |
| 16 | not | non | ˈnõ |
| 17 | all | todo | ˈtodo |
| 18 | many | muito | ˈmujto |
| 19 | some | algũus | alˈɡũus̺ |
| 20 | few | pouco | ˈpowko |
| 21 | other | outro | ˈowtɾo |
| 22 | one | un, ũu | ˈũ, ˈũu |
| 23 | two | dous | dows̺ |
| 24 | three | tres | tɾes̺ |
| 25 | four | quatro | ˈkwatɾo |
| 26 | five | cinco | ˈt͡sĩŋko |
| 27 | big | grande, gran | ˈɡɾãde, ɡɾã |
| 28 | long | longo | ˈlõɡo |
| 29 | wide | ancho | ˈãt͡ʃo |
| 30 | thick | grosso | ˈɡɾo.s̺o |
| 31 | heavy | pesado | peˈz̺ado |
| 32 | small | pequeno | peˈkeno |
| 33 | short | curto | ˈkuɾto |
| 34 | narrow | estreito | es̺ˈtɾejto |
| 35 | thin | magro | ˈmaɡɾo |
| 36 | woman | moller, dona | moˈʎɛɾ, ˈdona |
| 37 | man (male) | ome | ˈɔme |
| 38 | man (human) | ome, pessõa | ˈɔme, peˈs̺õa |
| 39 | child | infante, meninno, creatura | ĩˈfãte, me.ˈni.ɲo, kɾeaˈtuɾa |
| 40 | wife | moller | moˈʎɛɾ |
| 41 | husband | marido | maˈɾido |
| 42 | mother | madre, mãi | ˈmadɾe, ˈmãj |
| 43 | father | padre, pai | ˈpadɾe, ˈpaj |
| 44 | animal | besta, bestia, bescha | ˈbes̺.ta, ˈbes̺.tja, ˈbes̺.t͡ʃa |
| 45 | fish | peixe | ˈpejʃe |
| 46 | bird | ave | ˈaβe |
| 47 | dog | can | kã |
| 48 | louse | peollo | peˈoʎo |
| 49 | snake | coobra | koˈobɾa |
| 50 | worm | vermen | ˈβɛɾmẽ |
| 51 | tree | arvor | ˈaɾβoɾ |
| 52 | forest | furesta, mata, monte | fuˈɾɛs̺ta, ˈmata, ˈmonte |
| 53 | stick | baston, pao | bas̺ˈtõ, ˈpao |
| 54 | fruit | fruita, fruito | ˈfɾujta, ˈfɾujto |
| 55 | seed | semente | seˈmente |
| 56 | leaf | folla | ˈfoʎa |
| 57 | root | raiz | raˈid͡z |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | cortiça | koɾˈtit͡sa |
| 59 | flower | fror, flor | ˈfɾoɾ, ˈfloɾ |
| 60 | grass | erva | ˈɛɾβa |
| 61 | rope | corda | ˈkɔɾda |
| 62 | skin | pele | ˈpɛle |
| 63 | meat | carne | ˈkaɾne |
| 64 | blood | sangui, sangue | ˈs̺ãɡi, ˈs̺ãɡe |
| 65 | bone | osso | ˈos̺o |
| 66 | fat (noun) | gordura | ɡoɾˈduɾa |
| 67 | egg | ovo | ˈɔβo |
| 68 | horn | corno | ˈkɔɾno |
| 69 | tail | rabo | ˈrabo |
| 70 | feather | pena | ˈpena |
| 71 | hair | cabelo | kaˈbelo |
| 72 | head | cabeça | kaˈbet͡sa |
| 73 | ear | orella | oˈɾeʎa |
| 74 | eye | ollo | ˈɔʎo |
| 75 | nose | nariz | naˈɾid͡z |
| 76 | mouth | boca | ˈboka |
| 77 | tooth | dente | ˈdẽte |
| 78 | tongue | lingua | ˈlĩɡwa |
| 79 | fingernail | unna, unlla | ˈuɲa, ˈũʎa |
| 80 | foot | pee, pe | ˈpɛe, ˈpɛ |
| 81 | leg | perna | ˈpɛɾna |
| 82 | knee | gẽollo | d͡ʒẽˈoʎo |
| 83 | hand | mão | ˈmão |
| 84 | wing | aa | ˈaa |
| 85 | belly | ventre | ˈβẽtɾe |
| 86 | guts | tripas | ˈtɾipas̺ |
| 87 | neck | colo | ˈkɔlo |
| 88 | back | costas | ˈkɔs̺tas̺ |
| 89 | breast | peito, sẽo | ˈpejto, ˈs̺ẽo |
| 90 | heart | coraçon | koɾaˈt͡sõ |
| 91 | liver | figado | ˈfiɡado |
| 92 | to drink | bever | beˈβeɾ |
| 93 | to eat | comer | koˈmeɾ |
| 94 | to bite | morder | moɾˈdeɾ |
| 95 | to suck | mamar | maˈmaɾ |
| 96 | to spit | cospir | kos̺ˈpiɾ |
| 97 | to vomit | ||
| 98 | to blow | soprar | soˈpɾaɾ |
| 99 | to breathe | ||
| 100 | to laugh | riir | riˈiɾ |
| 101 | to see | veer | βeˈeɾ |
| 102 | to hear | ouvir / oir, ascuitar | owˈβiɾ / oˈiɾ, as̺kujˈtaɾ |
| 103 | to know | saber | s̺aˈbeɾ |
| 104 | to think | pensar | pẽˈs̺aɾ |
| 105 | to smell | cheirar | t͡ʃejˈɾaɾ |
| 106 | to fear | temer | teˈmeɾ |
| 107 | to sleep | dormir | doɾˈmiɾ |
| 108 | to live | viver | βiˈβeɾ |
| 109 | to die | morrer | moˈreɾ |
| 110 | to kill | matar | maˈtaɾ |
| 111 | to fight | pelejar | peleˈd͡ʒaɾ |
| 112 | to hunt | caçar | kaˈt͡saɾ |
| 113 | to hit | bater | baˈteɾ |
| 114 | to cut | cortar, partir | koɾtaɾ, paɾˈtiɾ |
| 115 | to split | ||
| 116 | to stab | acuitelar | akujteˈlaɾ |
| 117 | to scratch | rascar | ras̺ˈkaɾ |
| 118 | to dig | cavar | kaˈβaɾ |
| 119 | to swim | nadar | naˈdaɾ |
| 120 | to fly | voar | βoˈaɾ |
| 121 | to walk | andar | ãˈdaɾ |
| 122 | to come | vĩir | βĩˈiɾ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | jazer, deitar | d͡ʒaˈd͡zeɾ, dejˈtaɾ |
| 124 | to sit | sentar | s̺ẽˈtaɾ |
| 125 | to stand | levantar | leβãˈtaɾ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ||
| 127 | to fall | caer | kaˈeɾ |
| 128 | to give | dar | daɾ |
| 129 | to hold | tẽer | tẽˈeɾ |
| 130 | to squeeze | apertar | apeɾˈtaɾ |
| 131 | to rub | ||
| 132 | to wash | lavar | laˈβaɾ |
| 133 | to wipe | terger, enxugar | teɾˈd͡ʒeɾ, ẽʃuˈɡaɾ |
| 134 | to pull | puxar | puˈʃaɾ |
| 135 | to push | empuxar | ẽpuˈʃaɾ |
| 136 | to throw | lançar | lãˈt͡saɾ |
| 137 | to tie | atar | aˈtaɾ |
| 138 | to sew | coser | koˈz̺eɾ |
| 139 | to count | contar | kõˈtaɾ |
| 140 | to say | contar, dizer, falar | kõˈtaɾ, diˈd͡zeɾ, faˈlaɾ |
| 141 | to sing | cantar | kãˈtaɾ |
| 142 | to play | jogar | d͡ʒoˈɡaɾ |
| 143 | to float | boiar | |
| 144 | to flow | correr | koˈreɾ |
| 145 | to freeze | gelar, *gear | d͡ʒeˈlaɾ, *d͡ʒeˈaɾ |
| 146 | to swell | inchar | ĩˈt͡ʃaɾ |
| 147 | sun | sol | s̺ɔl |
| 148 | moon | lũa | ˈlũa |
| 149 | star | estrela | es̺ˈtɾela |
| 150 | water | agua | ˈaɡwa |
| 151 | rain | chuvia | ˈt͡ʃuβja |
| 152 | river | rio | ˈrio |
| 153 | lake | lago | ˈlaɡo |
| 154 | sea | mar | maɾ |
| 155 | salt | sal | s̺al |
| 156 | stone | pedra | ˈpɛdɾa |
| 157 | sand | arẽa | aˈɾẽa |
| 158 | dust | poo | ˈpɔo |
| 159 | earth | terra | ˈtɛra |
| 160 | cloud | nuve | ˈnuβe |
| 161 | fog | nevoeiro | neβoˈejɾo |
| 162 | sky | ceo | ˈt͡sɛo |
| 163 | wind | vento | ˈβẽto |
| 164 | snow | neve | ˈnɛβe |
| 165 | ice | geo | ˈd͡ʒeo |
| 166 | smoke | fumo, fumaz | ˈfumo, fuˈmad͡z |
| 167 | fire | fogo | ˈfoɡo |
| 168 | ash | cĩisa | ˈt͡sĩiz̺a |
| 169 | to burn | queimar, arder | kejˈmaɾ, aɾˈdeɾ |
| 170 | road | caminno, via | kaˈmiɲo, βia |
| 171 | mountain | montanna, monte | mõˈtaɲa, ˈmõte |
| 172 | red | vermello | βeɾˈmeʎo |
| 173 | green | verde | ˈβeɾde |
| 174 | yellow | amarelo | amaˈɾɛlo |
| 175 | white | branco | ˈbɾãko |
| 176 | black | negro | ˈneɡɾo |
| 177 | night | noite | ˈnojte |
| 178 | day | dia | ˈdia |
| 179 | year | ano | ˈano |
| 180 | warm | caente | kaˈẽte |
| 181 | cold | frio | ˈfɾio |
| 182 | full | chẽo | ˈt͡ʃẽo |
| 183 | new | novo | ˈnɔβo |
| 184 | old | vello, antigo | ˈβɛʎo, ãˈtiɡo |
| 185 | good | bon, bõo | bõ, bõo |
| 186 | bad | mal, mao | mal, ˈmao |
| 187 | rotten | podre | ˈpodɾe |
| 188 | dirty | lixoso | liˈʃozo |
| 189 | straight | estreito | es̺ˈtɾejto |
| 190 | round | redondo | reˈdõdo |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | amoado | amoˈado |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | romo | ˈromo |
| 193 | smooth | chão | ˈt͡ʃão |
| 194 | wet | mollado | moˈʎado |
| 195 | dry | seco | ˈs̺eko |
| 196 | correct | reito, dereito | ˈrejto, deˈɾejto |
| 197 | near | preto | ˈpɾɛto |
| 198 | far | longe | ˈlõd͡ʒe |
| 199 | right | dereita | deˈɾejta |
| 200 | left | sẽestra | sẽˈɛs̺tɾa |
| 201 | at | a | a |
| 202 | in | en | ẽ |
| 203 | with | con | kõ |
| 204 | and | e | e |
| 205 | if | se | s̺e |
| 206 | because | porque | poɾˈke |
| 207 | name | nome | ˈnɔme |
- Orthography :
When the words have various forms (verbs conjugation, gender and number agreement, declensions), the orthography is the following :
- verbs : infinitive
- other words : masculine, singular
For specific cases (no infinitive, feminine name, plural name for instance), the simplest form is used.