Appendix:Hittite Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Hittite, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit][script needed]
| No. | English | Hittite ๐๐ ๐ท (nesili) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | ๐๐ (ลซk) |
| 2 | you (singular) | ๐ฃ๐ฟ๐ (zฤซk) |
| 3 | he, she, it | --๐ธ (as) |
| 4 | we | wฤs |
| 5 | you (plural) | sumฤs |
| 6 | they | -e |
| 7 | this | kฤs |
| 8 | that | apฤs |
| 9 | here | kฤ |
| 10 | there | apiya |
| 11 | who | kuis |
| 12 | what | kuit |
| 13 | where | kuwapi |
| 14 | when | kuwapi |
| 15 | how | mฤhhan |
| 16 | not | ๐พ๐๐ซ (natta)(dittas=Yes) |
| 17 | all | hลซmantes |
| 18 | many | mฤkkies |
| 19 | some | kuiesqa |
| 20 | few | tฤpawes |
| 21 | other | damais |
| 22 | one | *ฤs |
| 23 | two | dฤn |
| 24 | three | tฤries |
| 25 | four | meyawes |
| 26 | five | - |
| 27 | big | ๐ฉ๐ท๐ (sallis) |
| 28 | long | dalukis |
| 29 | wide | ๐๐ญ๐ (palแธซis) |
| 30 | thick | - |
| 31 | heavy | suwฤrus, ๐พ๐๐ ๐ (nakkis) |
| 32 | small | kappis |
| 33 | short | manninkuwanz |
| 34 | narrow | hatkus |
| 35 | thin | maklanz |
| 36 | woman | *kuwanz |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ (pesnas) (gen. sg.) |
| 38 | man (human being) | antuhsas |
| 39 | child | hฤssas |
| 40 | wife | *kuwanz |
| 41 | husband | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ (pesnas) (gen. sg.) |
| 42 | mother | ๐ญ๐พ๐ธ (annas) |
| 43 | father | ๐๐ซ๐ธ (attas) |
| 44 | animal | suppalas |
| 45 | fish | ๐ฆ๐ท๐๐ฟ๐ฟ๐๐ธ (parแธซลซwayas) (gen. sg.) |
| 46 | bird | suwais (?) |
| 47 | dog | kuwas (?) |
| 48 | louse | - |
| 49 | snake | iluyanka |
| 50 | worm | - |
| 51 | tree | tฤru |
| 52 | forest | tiessar |
| 53 | stick | ๐บ๐ช๐ญ๐ (paแธซแธซin) (?) |
| 54 | fruit | sesan |
| 55 | seed | warwalan |
| 56 | leaf | hurpastas |
| 57 | root | sลซrkas |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | - |
| 59 | flower | alil |
| 60 | grass | wฤlku |
| 61 | rope | ishimas |
| 62 | skin | - |
| 63 | meat | - |
| 64 | blood | eshฤr |
| 65 | bone | hastฤi |
| 66 | fat (noun) | sakan |
| 67 | egg | - |
| 68 | horn | karฤwar |
| 69 | tail | sisai (?) |
| 70 | feather | patar |
| 71 | hair | tetanas |
| 72 | head | harsar |
| 73 | ear | istฤman |
| 74 | eye | ๐ฒ๐ญ๐๐ (sakaui-is) |
| 75 | nose | tititan |
| 76 | mouth | ais, iss- |
| 77 | tooth | gagas |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | lalas |
| 79 | fingernail | kaddu (?) |
| 80 | foot | ๐๐ธ (patas) |
| 81 | leg | egdu |
| 82 | knee | gฤnu |
| 83 | hand | kissar |
| 84 | wing | ๐ฆ๐ซ๐๐ฟ๐ (pรกrtauwar), ๐๐ป (pรกttar) |
| 85 | belly | sarhuwanz |
| 86 | guts | garates |
| 87 | neck | kuttar (?) |
| 88 | back | iskis |
| 89 | breast | tฤtan |
| 90 | heart | ๐ ๐ (kir) |
| 91 | liver | lissi |
| 92 | to drink | ekuzi |
| 93 | to eat | ๐๐๐๐๐ฃ (ฤzzi) |
| 94 | to bite | wฤki |
| 95 | to suck | u(n)hzi |
| 96 | to spit | allappahhi |
| 97 | to vomit | - |
| 98 | to blow | ๐บ๐๐๐ฟ (parฤi) |
| 99 | to breathe | - |
| 100 | to laugh | halwammar |
| 101 | to see | auszi, ๐๐ช๐ญ (uแธซแธซi) |
| 102 | to hear | istamaszi |
| 103 | to know | ๐ญ๐๐๐ (sฤkki) |
| 104 | to think | mala |
| 105 | to smell | - |
| 106 | to fear | nฤhi |
| 107 | to sleep | seszi |
| 108 | to live | huiszi |
| 109 | to die | aki |
| 110 | to kill | kuฤnzi |
| 111 | to fight | hullezzi |
| 112 | to hunt | huwarniskezzi |
| 113 | to hit | walhzi |
| 114 | to cut | kuฤrzi |
| 115 | to split | iskallai |
| 116 | to stab | iskฤri |
| 117 | to scratch | *arrirrai |
| 118 | to dig | ๐๐๐๐ฟ (pรกddฤi) |
| 119 | to swim | - |
| 120 | to fly | ๐๐๐๐ฟ (pรญddฤi) |
| 121 | to walk | ๐ฟ๐ฟ๐๐๐ซ (i-ya-at-ta /โ iyattaโ /) |
| 122 | to come | uฤzzi |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | kitta |
| 124 | to sit | ฤsa |
| 125 | to stand | arta |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | wehzi, nฤa |
| 127 | to fall | mauszi |
| 128 | to give | ๐บ๐๐ฟ (pฤi) |
| 129 | to hold | harzi |
| 130 | to squeeze | ๐ ๐ฟ๐๐ฃ (sฤซezzi) |
| 131 | to rub | ๐๐๐ฃ (peszi) |
| 132 | to wash | ฤrri, warpzi |
| 133 | to wipe | fshin |
| 134 | to pull | huettiezzi |
| 135 | to push | suwezzi |
| 136 | to throw | ๐๐๐ ๐๐ฃ (pesiezi), ลซssiezzi |
| 137 | to tie | ishai, hamanki |
| 138 | to sew | - |
| 139 | to count | kappuezzi |
| 140 | to say | tฤzzi |
| 141 | to sing | ishamai |
| 142 | to play | duskzi, hinganiskezzi |
| 143 | to float | - |
| 144 | to flow | ฤrszi |
| 145 | to freeze | ekฤizzi |
| 146 | to swell | suwattari |
| 147 | sun | istanus |
| 148 | moon | armas |
| 149 | star | ๐ฉ๐ธ๐ผ๐ ๐ (ha-as-te-er-za) |
| 150 | water | ๐ฟ๐๐ป (wa-a-tar) |
| 151 | rain | hฤus |
| 152 | river | hapas |
| 153 | lake | lulis (?) |
| 154 | sea | ๐๐๐พ๐ธ (arunas) |
| 155 | salt | - |
| 156 | stone | ๐บ๐ธ๐ ๐ท๐ธ (passilas) |
| 157 | sand | - |
| 158 | dust | - |
| 159 | earth | ๐ผ๐๐ท (tฤkan) |
| 160 | cloud | alpฤs |
| 161 | fog | kammaras |
| 162 | sky | ๐๐๐๐ (nฤpis) |
| 163 | wind | huwanz |
| 164 | snow | - |
| 165 | ice | ๐๐ท (ekan) |
| 166 | smoke | tuhhuwais |
| 167 | fire | ๐บ๐ช๐ฏ (paแธซแธซur) |
| 168 | ash | hฤs, hฤss- |
| 169 | to burn | urฤni |
| 170 | road | ๐๐ธ (palsas) |
| 171 | mountain | - |
| 172 | red | mitas |
| 173 | green | hahlawanz |
| 174 | yellow | hahlawanz |
| 175 | white | ๐ฏ๐ ๐ (ha-ar-ki-is) |
| 176 | black | hanzanas, dankuis |
| 177 | night | ispanz |
| 178 | day | sฤซwaz |
| 179 | year | wฤซz |
| 180 | warm | ฤnz |
| 181 | cold | ekunanz |
| 182 | full | suus |
| 183 | new | nฤwas |
| 184 | old | ๐ช๐ ๐ท๐ฟ๐ญ๐ (miyahwanz) |
| 185 | good | ฤssus |
| 186 | bad | ๐ฟ๐๐๐ป๐ (idฤlus) |
| 187 | rotten | harranz |
| 188 | dirty | iskunanz |
| 189 | straight | - |
| 190 | round | - |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ๐ ๐๐ (alpus) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | alpanz |
| 193 | smooth | mius |
| 194 | wet | hurniyanz |
| 195 | dry | hฤtanz |
| 196 | correct | ฤra |
| 197 | near | manninkuwanz |
| 198 | far | duwฤn |
| 199 | right | kunnas |
| 200 | left | - |
| 201 | at | - |
| 202 | in | andan |
| 203 | with | katti- |
| 204 | and | -Ca, -ya |
| 205 | if | takku |
| 206 | because | kuit |
| 207 | name | ๐ท๐๐ ๐ญ (lฤman) |