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Appendix:Lower Sorbian Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of words in Lower Sorbian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishLower Sorbian
dolnoserbšćina
edit (207)
1I (1sg)ja
2you (2sg)ty
3he, she, it (3sg)wón
4we (1pl)my
5you (2pl)wy
6they (3pl)wóni
7thisten, ta, to
8thatto
9herehow
10theretam
11whochto
12whatco
13whereźo
14whengdy
15howkak
16notnje-
17allwšyken
18manywjele
19someněkotary
20fewmało
21otherdrugi
22onejaden
23twodwa
24threetśi
25fourstyri
26fivepěś
27bigwjeliki
28longdłujki
29widešyroki
30thicktłusty
31heavyśěžki
32smallmały
33shortkrotki
34narrowwuski
35thinśańki
36womanžeńska
37man (adult male)muski
38man (human being)luź
39childźiśe, góle
40wifežeńska
41husbandcłowjek
42mothermaś
43fathernan
44animalzwěrje
45fishryba
46birdptašk
47dogpjas
48louseweš
49snakewuž
50wormwužeńc, cerw
51treebom
52forestgóla, lěs
53stickkij
54fruitpłod
55seedsemje
56leaflist
57rootkórjeń
58bark (of a tree)škóra
59flowerkwětk
60grasstšawa
61ropepowrjoz
62skinkóža
63meatměso
64bloodkšej
65bonekósć
66fat (noun)tucne
67eggjajo
68hornrog
69tailwogon
70featherpjero
71hairwłose
72headgłowa
73earwucho
74eyewoko
75nosenos
76mouthguba
77toothzub
78tongue (organ)jězyk
79fingernailnokś
80footnoga
81legnoga
82kneekóleno
83handruka
84wingkśidło
85bellybrjuch
86gutscrjowo
87neckšyja
88backkśebjat
89breastbok
90heartwutšoba
91liverjětša
92to drinkpiś
93to eatjěsć
94to bitekusaś
95to suckcycaś
96to spitpluwaś
97to vomitbluwaś
98to blowduś
99to breathedychaś
100to laughsmjaś
101to seewiźeś
102to hearsłyšaś
103to knowwěźeś
104to thinkmysliś
105to smellcuś, wucuś
106to fearbójaś
107to sleepspaś
108to livežywy byś
109to diewumrěś
110to killwusmjerśiś, kóńcowaś
111to fightwójowaś
112to huntgóńtwowaś
113to hitbiś, deriś
114to cutrězaś
115to splitkłojś
116to stabštapaś
117to scratchdrapaś
118to digryś
119to swimplěś
120to flyleśeś
121to walkhyś
122to comepśiś
123to lie (as in a bed)lažaś
124to sitsejźeś
125to standstojaś
126to turn (intransitive)wobrośiś
127to fallpadaś
128to givedawaś
129to holdźaržaś
130to squeezetłocyś
131to rubšurowaś
132to washmyś
133to wipetrěś
134to pullśěgaś
135to pushtłocyś
136to throwchytaś
137to tiewězaś
138to sewšyś
139to countlicyś
140to saygroniś, powědaś
141to singspiwaś
142to playgraś
143to floatpławiś
144to flowběžaś
145to freezemarznuś
146to swellwopuchnuś
147sunsłyńco
148moonmjasec
149stargwězda
150waterwóda
151raindešć
152riverrěka
153lakejazoro
154seamórjo
155saltsol
156stonekamjeń
157sandpěsk
158dustproch
159earthzemja
160cloudmrok
161fogkurjawa, mła
162skynjebjo
163windwětš
164snowsněg
165icelod
166smokedym
167firewogeń
168ashpopjeł
169to burnpaliś se
170roaddroga
171mountaingóra
172redcerwjeny
173greenzeleny
174yellowžołty
175whiteběły
176blackcarny
177nightnoc
178dayźeń
179yearlěto
180warmśopły
181coldzymny
182fullpołny
183newnowy
184oldstary
185gooddobry
186badzły
187rottenzgnity
188dirtynjerěšny, brudny
189straightrowny
190roundkulaty
191sharp (as a knife)wótšy
192dull (as a knife)tupy
193smoothgładki
194wetmokšy
195drysuchy
196correctpšawy
197nearbliski
198fardaloki
199rightpšawy
200leftlěwy
201atwu, pśi
202inw, we
203withz, ze
204anda
205ifjoli, gaž, gaby
206becausedokulaž
207name
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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