Jump to content

woman

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: wo/man and -woman

English

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle English womman, wimman, wifman, from Old English wīfmann (“woman”, literally “female person”), a compound of wīf (“woman, female”, whence English wife) +‎ mann (“person, human being”, whence English man). For details on the pronunciation and spelling history, see the usage notes below.

Cognate with Scots woman, weman (“woman”), Saterland Frisian Wieuwmoanske (“female person, female human, woman”). Similar constructions can be found in West Frisian frommes (“woman, girl”) (from frou and minske, literally "woman human").

A few alternative spellings (see below) respell the term so as not to contain man.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

woman (plural women)

  2. An adult female human.
    • 1887, Helen Campbell, Prisoners of poverty: their trades and their lives, page 120:
      But this woman is a nice German woman that fell on the ice and sprained her ankle last winter, and we saw to her well as we could till she got better.
    • 1888 September 6, Michigan School Moderator, page 402, column 3:
      Dr. J. H. Vincent, the great lecturer, says that a man's greatness consists in his courage; his inherent nobleness; his noble deeds, great exploits, and benefits to the world; but that behind every great man is a great woman - his mother.
    • 1978, Ashford & Simpson (lyrics and music), “I’m Every Woman”, in Chaka, performed by Chaka Khan:
      Cause I'm every woman / It's all in me
    • 1979, Muriel Lederer, Blue-collar jobs for women, page 59:
      During World War II, many women worked as blacksmiths in the shipbuilding industry and found they liked the challenging, independent work.
    • 1985, Anthony King, The British Prime Minister, Duke University Press, →ISBN:
      But of course Britain since 1979 has had a woman prime minister, while no woman has ever come near to being president of the United States.
    • 2012, Kate Welsh, Substitute Daddy, →ISBN:
      "There is nothing wrong with Melissa or the way she was raised. She is a sweet, kind, intelligent woman with a generous heart and more love for her child than you and Mother ever showed for either of your children."
    • 2020 August 18, Veronica Chambers, The Staff of The New York Times, Finish The Fight!: The Brave and Revolutionary Women Who Fought for the Right to Vote, HarperCollins, →ISBN:
      You can't spend months studying the history of the suffrage movement without gaining a new appreciation for the grit and gumption it takes to be a powerful woman leader.
    • For more quotations using this term, see Citations:woman.
  3. (collective) All female humans collectively; womankind.
    • 1886 October – 1887 January, H[enry] Rider Haggard, “The Balance Turns”, in She: A History of Adventure, London: Longmans, Green, and Co., published 1887, →OCLC, page 191:
      Listen, Holly. Thou art a good and honest man, and I fain would spare thee; but, oh! it is so hard for woman to be merciful.
    • 1910, Emerson Hough, chapter I, in The Purchase Price: Or The Cause of Compromise, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:
      “ […] it is not fair of you to bring against mankind double weapons ! Dangerous enough you are as woman alone, without bringing to your aid those gifts of mind suited to problems which men have been accustomed to arrogate to themselves.”
    • 1972, Helen Reddy, I Am Woman, first line:
      I am Woman, hear me roar / In numbers too big to ignore
    • 1997, Bob Grant, Let's Be Heard, page 42:
      For if modern woman is so intent on keeping her surname alive, why not demand it be passed along to her children?
    • 2011, Eileen Gray and the Design of Sapphic Modernity: Staying In, page 109:
      Unsurprisingly, if modern man is a sort of camera, modern woman is a picture.
  4. A female person, usually an adult; a (generally adult) female sentient being, whether human, supernatural, elf, alien, etc.
    • 1993, Michael Piller, “Emissary”, in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, season 1, episode 1, spoken by Chief O'Brien (Colm Meaney):
      Sir, have you ever served with any Bajoran women?
    • 2003, Amelia Jones, The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader, Psychology Press, →ISBN, page 37:
      To be born a woman has been to be born, within an allotted and confined space, into the keeping of men.
    • 2007, Clifford B. Bowyer, The Siege of Zoldex, Silver Leaf Books, LLC, →ISBN, page 307:
      One of the elves, a woman with long auburn hair, was garbed identically to the two dwarves.
    • 2008, Christopher Paolini, Brisingr: Or The Seven Promises of Eragon Shadeslayer and Saphira Bjartskular - Inheritance Book Three, →ISBN, page 549:
      Clearing a space between the tables, the men tested their prowess against one another with feats of wrestling and archery and bouts with quarterstaves. Two of the elves, a man and a woman, demonstrated their skill with swordplay— […]
    • 2012, Merlin Stone, When God Was A Woman:
      At the very dawn of religion, God was a woman.
    • 2014, Oisin McGann, Kings of the Realm: Cruel Salvation, Penguin UK, →ISBN:
      There was a pair of burly dwarves – a woman and a man – bearing the markings of the formidable Thane Guards.
  5. A wife (or sometimes a fiancée or girlfriend).
    • 1914, D. H. Lawrence, Study of Thomas Hardy and Other Essays, chapter 7: "Of Being and Not-Being":
      And then, when he lies with his woman, the man may concurrently be with God, and so get increase of his soul.
  6. A female person who is extremely fond of or devoted to a specified type of thing. (Used as the last element of a compound.)
    • 2004, Hyveth Williams, Secrets of a Happy Heart: A Fresh Look at the Sermon on the Mount, page 70:
      Perhaps my problem is that I am a cat woman. I can't imagine any finicky feline (and they all are that at one time or another) slobbering over anyone, even a beloved owner, the way a dog does.
  7. A female attendant or servant.

Usage notes

[edit]
  • The current pronunciation of the first vowel of the singular began to appear in western England in the 13th century under the rounding influence of the w, though the older pronunciation with /i/ (→ modern /ɪ/) remained in use into the 15th century. Although the vowel of the plural was sometimes also altered to /u/ (→ modern /ʊ/) beginning in the 14th century, the pronunciation with /ɪ/ ultimately won out there, possibly under the influence of pairs like foot-feet. However, many speakers (especially of New Zealand English or South African English) have either retained or reinnovated the pronunciation of the plural with /ʊ/. The modern spelling women for the plural is due to influence of the singular; it is attested from the 15th century.
For a time in the 16th and 17th centuries, the pronunciation of the singular sometimes drifted even further back towards /uː/ or /ɔː~oː/ (→ modern /oʊ~əʊ/) and the plural sometimes drifted even further forward towards /iː/, leading to comparisons of the words to "woe man" or "we men".)[1][2][3][4]
  • As a term of address, the word is often considered patronizing and at least somewhat offensive; compare the usage of woman as a verb.
  • American grammarians and style guides often proscribe/reject the usage of woman as an attributive (a noun used to describe other nouns, as in "a woman leader", a usage which is sometimes mistaken for an adjective).[5][6][7][8] It has been said to be particularly common in Nigeria and India.

Alternative forms

[edit]

Synonyms

[edit]

Hypernyms

[edit]

Hyponyms

[edit]

Coordinate terms

[edit]

Derived terms

[edit]

Descendants

[edit]
  • Antigua and Barbuda Creole English: uman
  • Aukan: uman
  • Jamaican Creole: ooman
  • Krio: uman
  • Sranan Tongo: uma; oema (superseded)
  • Torres Strait Creole: oman
  • → Japanese: ウーマン (ūman)
  • → Korean: 우먼 (umeon)
  • → Volapük: vom

Translations

[edit]
See woman/translations § Noun.

References

[edit]

Verb

[edit]

woman (third-person singular simple present womans, present participle womaning or womanning, simple past and past participle womaned or womanned)

  1. To staff with female labor.
    • 1813, “Yorkshire Assizes. May a woman be deemed a sailor sufficient in manning a vessel? Case of Insurance.—Cook v. Thompson.”, in The Literary Panorama, […], volume XIV, London: […] Cox and Baylis, […] for C[harles] Taylor, […], page 683:
      […] he should prove, from the testimony of the most experienced seamen, that the vessel was, if not, strictly speaking, sufficiently manned, yet that she was sufficiently manned and womanned. The Gypsey was a vessel of 43 tons burden, and there were on board two able seamen and the Captain’s wife, who was a very good sailor;
    • 1956, Rex Stout, Three Witnesses, The Viking Press, page 54:
      Apparently the Sixty-ninth Street office of Bagby Answers, Inc., was being womaned for the day from other offices.
    • 1990, Stephen King, chapter 28, in The Stand: The Complete & Uncut Edition, New York, N.Y.: Signet, published 1991 May, →ISBN, page 235:
      Gus Dinsmore, the public beach parking lot attendent,[sic] said he guessed that so many cars must be just stopped dead along the road that even those manned (or womaned) by able drivers would be unable to move.
    • 2010, Julia Glass, The Widower's Tale, page 77:
      The information desk is now manned (womaned) by someone whose main job is to help you reserve time slots for the computers or guide you through the arduous process of “logging on.”
  2. (transitive) To make effeminate or womanish.
  3. (transitive) To furnish with, or unite to, a woman.
  4. (transitive) To call (a person) "woman" in a disrespectful fashion.

Translations

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Eric John Dobson, English Pronunciation, volume 2 (1957), page 574
  2. ^ Douglas Harper (2001–2024) “woman”, in Online Etymology Dictionary. / “woman”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
  3. ^ James A. H. Murray et al., editors (1884–1928), “Woman”, in A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (Oxford English Dictionary), London: Clarendon Press, →OCLC.
  4. ^ Christopher Upward, George Davidson, The History of English Spelling (2011), section "O"
  5. ^ Waldman, Katy (2016 February 18) “Is Hillary Trying to Be the First Woman President, Female President, or Lady President?”, in Slate Magazine, retrieved 2022-05-27
  6. ^ Norris, Mary (2019 May 30) “Female Trouble: The Debate Over “Woman” as an Adjective”, in The New Yorker, retrieved 2022-05-27
  7. ^ “Using 'Lady,' 'Woman,' and 'Female' to Modify Nouns”, in Merriam Webster, 2022 May 27 (last accessed)
  8. ^ “AP Stylebook: Use female, not woman, as an adjective. For example: She is the first female governor of North Carolina. Treatment of the sexes should be evenhanded and free of assumptions and stereotypes.”, in Twitter‎[1], 2020 July 27, retrieved 2022-05-27

Further reading

[edit]

Czech

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

woman m inan

  1. obsolete form of oman (“elecampane”), obsolete spelling of voman (“elecampane”).
    • 1820, Bedřich Všemír hrabě z Berchtoldu, O přirozenosti rostlin, aneb rostlinâř‎[2], volume 1, Prague: Jos. Krause, page 142:
      Škrobu welmi podobná hmota zdá se býti womanina (inulinum), kterauž P. Vauquelin w kořenu Womanu lekařského (Inula helenium) nalezl.
      A substance similar to starch seems to be the elecampine (inulinum) which already P. Vauquelin has found in the root of the officinal inula (Inula helenium).

Declension

[edit]
Declension of woman (hard masculine inanimate)
singular plural
nominative woman womany
genitive womanu womanů
dative womanu womanům
accusative woman womany
vocative womane womany
locative womanu womanech
instrumental womanem womany

Middle English

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

woman (plural women)

  1. Alternative form of womman

Old English

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

wōman

  1. inflection of wōma:
    1. nominative plural
    2. accusative singular/plural
    3. genitive/dative singular

Upper Sorbian

[edit]
woman - Inula helenium

Etymology

[edit]

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *omanъ.

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • IPA(key): /ˈwɔman/
  • Rhymes: -ɔman
  • Hyphenation: wo‧man
  • Syllabification: wo‧man

Noun

[edit]

woman m inan

  1. (botany) inula, elecampane (Inula, Inula helenium)

Declension

[edit]
Declension of woman (masculine hard stem)
singular dual plural
nominative woman womanaj womany
genitive womana womanow womanow
dative womanej womanomaj womanam
accusative woman womanaj womany
instrumental womanom womanomaj womanami
locative womanje womanomaj womanach
vocative womano, womanje womanaj womany

References

[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=woman&oldid=83108779"