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Appendix:Central Bikol Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of words in Bikol Central, compared with definitions in English.

Introduction

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

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No. English Central Bikol
Bikol Sentral
1 I ako
2 you (singular) ika, ka
3 he, she, it siya
4 we inclusive: kita exclusive: kami
5 you (plural) kamo
6 they sinda
7 this ini
8 that iyan, ini, ito
9 here digdi
10 there duman, diyan
11 who si isay
12 what ano, nano
13 where sain, hain
14 when kasuarin (used with perfective aspect verb), nuarin (used with future tense verb)
15 how pano
16 not bako, dai
17 all gabos, anas
18 many dakol
19 some
20 few dikit, diit
21 other iba
22 one saro
23 two duwa
24 three tulo
25 four apat
26 five lima
27 big dakula
28 long halaba
29 wide halakbang, mahiwas
30 thick mahibog
31 heavy magabat
32 small sadit, saday, sadang
33 short hababa
34 narrow hayapit
35 thin mahimpis, manipis
36 woman babayi
37 man (adult male) lalaki
38 man (human being) tawo
39 child aki
40 wife agom
41 husband agom
42 mother ina
43 father ama
44 animal hayop
45 fish sira
46 bird gamgam, bayong
47 dog ayam, ido
48 louse kuto
49 snake halas
50 worm ulod, halod
51 tree kahoy
52 forest kadlagan, kakahoyan
53 stick bala, sarasa
54 fruit bunga, prutas
55 seed pisog, tulang
56 leaf dahon
57 root gamot
58 bark (of a tree) ubak
59 flower burak
60 grass duot, awot
61 rope pisi, lubid
62 skin kublit, unit
63 meat laman, unod, karne
64 blood dugo
65 bone tulang
66 fat (noun) taba
67 egg sugok, bunay
68 horn sungay
69 tail ikog
70 feather balukag, barahibo
71 hair buhok
72 head payo
73 ear talinga
74 eye mata
75 nose dungo
76 mouth nguso, ngimot
77 tooth ngipon
78 tongue (organ) dila
79 fingernail kuko
80 foot bitis
81 leg tabay
82 knee tuhod
83 hand kamot
84 wing pakpak
85 belly tulak
86 guts bituka
87 neck liog
88 back likod, taludtod
89 breast suso, mimi, dudo
90 heart puso
91 liver katoy
92 to drink mag-inom
93 to eat magkakan, magkaon
94 to bite magkagat
95 to suck magsupsop, maghigop
96 to spit maglutab, magluwa
97 to vomit magsuka, magdigwa, magsukalkag
98 to blow maghayop, maghuyop
99 to breathe maghangos
100 to laugh magngisi, magngirit, mag-ulok
101 to see maghiling
102 to hear magdangog
103 to know mag-aram
104 to think mag-isip
105 to smell magparong, magsango
106 to fear magtakot
107 to sleep magturog, magkaturog
108 to live magbuhay
109 to die magadan
110 to kill maggadan
111 to fight mag-iwal
112 to hunt mangayam
113 to hit magtama
114 to cut magputol
115 to split magsilak
116 to stab magsaksak
117 to scratch magkagaw
118 to dig magkalot, magkalkag, magkutkot
119 to swim maglangoy
120 to fly maglayog, maglupad
121 to walk maglakaw
122 to come mag-abot
123 to lie (as in a bed) maghigda
124 to sit magtukaw
125 to stand magtindog
126 to turn (intransitive) magsiko, magliko
127 to fall maghulog
128 to give magtao
129 to hold magkapot
130 to squeeze magpiris
131 to rub magkuskos
132 to wash maghugas, maghanaw (for hands)
133 to wipe magpahid, magpunas
134 to pull magguyod, maggudgod
135 to push magtulod, magtuldang, magbusol
136 to throw mag-apon, magtapok
137 to tie maggakod
138 to sew magtahi
139 to count magbilang
140 to say magsabi, magtaram
141 to sing magkanta, mag-awit
142 to play magkawat
143 to float maglataw, magpataw
144 to flow magbulos, magsulog
145 to freeze maglipot
146 to swell maggatok, maghubag
147 sun saldang, aldaw
148 moon bulan
149 star bituon
150 water tubig
151 rain uran
152 river salog
153 lake danaw
154 sea dagat
155 salt asin
156 stone gapo
157 sand baybay, basod
158 dust alpog, talbo
159 earth daga
160 cloud dampog, panganuron
161 fog ambon
162 sky langit
163 wind duros, paros
164 snow niyebe
165 ice yelo
166 smoke aso
167 fire kalayo, sulo
168 ash abo
169 to burn magsulo
170 road dalan, agihan
171 mountain bulod, bukid
172 red pula
173 green berde
174 yellow giyaw, amarilyo
175 white puti
176 black itom
177 night banggi
178 day aldaw
179 year taon
180 warm maimbong, mainit
181 cold malipot
182 full pano
183 new bago
184 old daan, luma, gurang
185 good marhay
186 bad maraot
187 rotten lapa
188 dirty maati
189 straight matanos
190 round bilog, lidong, matalimon
191 sharp (as a knife) matarom, mapanas
192 dull (as a knife) mangurol
193 smooth mahalnas, mayumok
194 wet basa, dumog
195 dry alang, mara
196 correct tama
197 near harani
198 far harayo
199 right tuo
200 left wala
201 at sa
202 in sa
203 with
204 and asin, saka, buda, sagkod
205 if kun
206 because ta, huli, dahil
207 name ngaran, pangaran
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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