Appendix:Central Atlas Tamazight Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Central Atlas Tamazight, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Central Atlas Tamazight edit (206) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | ⵏⴽⴽ (nkk) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | ⴽⴳⴳ (kgg) (masculine), ⴽⵎⵎ (kmm) (feminine) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ⵏⵜⵜⴰ (ntta) (masculine), ⵏⵜⵜⴰⵜ (nttat) (feminine) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | ⵏⵓⴽⴽⵏⵉ (nukkni) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | ⴽⵓⵏⵏⵉ (kunni) (masculine), ⴽⵏⵉⵏⵜⵉ (kninti) (feminine) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | ⵏⵉⵀⵏⵉ (nihni) (masculine), ⵏⵉⵀⵏⵜⵉ (nihnti) (feminine) |
| 7 | this | ⵡⴰⴷ (wad) (masculine), ⵜⴰⴷ (tad) (feminine), ⴰⵢⴰⴷ (ayad) (neuter) |
| 8 | that | ⵡⴰⵏ (wan) (masculine), ⵜⴰⵏ (tan) (feminine), ⴰⵢⵉⵏ (ayin) (neuter) |
| 9 | here | ⴷⴰⴷ (dad) |
| 10 | there | ⴷⵉⵏ (din) |
| 11 | who | ⵎⴰⵢ (may) |
| 12 | what | ⵎⴰⵢ (may) |
| 13 | where | ⵎⴰⵏⵉ (mani) |
| 14 | when | ⵎⵉⵍⵎⵉ (milmi), ⵎⴰⵏⵜⵓⵔ (mantur) |
| 15 | how | ⵎⵉⵎⴽ (mimk) |
| 16 | not | ⵓⵔ (ur) |
| 17 | all | ⵇⴰⵃ (qaḥ), ⴽⵓⵍ (kul) |
| 18 | many | ⴱⵣⵣⴰⴼ (bzzaf), ⴳⴳⵉⴷⵉ (ggidi) |
| 19 | some | ⵛⴰ (ca) |
| 20 | few | ⵉⵎⵉⴽ (imik), ⵛⵡⵉⵢ (cwiy) |
| 21 | other | ⵢⴰⴹⵏ (yaḍn), ⵢⴰⴹⵏⵉⵏ (yaḍnin) |
| 22 | one | ⵢⵓⵏ (yun), ⵢⵓⵜ (yut) (feminine) |
| 23 | two | ⵙⵉⵏ (sin), ⵙⵏⴰⵜ (snat) (feminine) |
| 24 | three | ⴽⵔⴰⴹ (kraḍ) |
| 25 | four | ⴽⴽⵓⵥ (kkuẓ), ⵔⴱⵄⴰ (rbɛa) |
| 26 | five | ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ (smmus), ⵅⵎⵙⴰ (xmsa) |
| 27 | big | ⴰⵅⴰⵜⴰⵔ (axatar), ⴰⵎⵇⵇⵔⴰⵏ (amqqran) |
| 28 | long | ⴰⵖⵣⵣⴰⴼ (aɣzzaf) |
| 29 | wide | ⴼⵍⵉⵢ (fliy), ⵡⵙⵄ (wsɛ) |
| 30 | thick | ⵣⵓⵔ (zur) (verb) |
| 31 | heavy | ⵥⵥⴰⴳ (ẓẓag), ⵙⵜⵉⵍ (stil) |
| 32 | small | ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵢⴰⵏ (amẓẓyan) |
| 33 | short | ⴰⵛⵟⵟⵡⴰⵏ (acṭṭwan), ⴳⵣⵉⵍ (gzil) |
| 34 | narrow | ⵇⵎⵔ (qmr) |
| 35 | thin | ⵙⴷⵉⴷ (sdid) (verb) |
| 36 | woman | ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜⵜ (tamṭṭutt) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ (argaz) |
| 38 | man (human being) | ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ (argaz) |
| 39 | child | ⵍⵄⵉⵍ (lɛil), ⴰⵔⴱⴰ (arba), ⵉⵛⵉⵔⵔⵉ (icirri) |
| 40 | wife | ⵜⴰⵎⵟⵟⵓⵜⵜ (tamṭṭutt) |
| 41 | husband | ⴰⵔⴳⴰⵣ (argaz) |
| 42 | mother | ⵎⵎⴰ (mma) |
| 43 | father | ⴱⴱⴰ (bba) |
| 44 | animal | |
| 45 | fish | ⴰⵙⵍⵎ (aslm) |
| 46 | bird | ⴰⵊⴹⵉⴹ (ajḍiḍ) |
| 47 | dog | ⵉⵢⴷⵉ (iydi) |
| 48 | louse | ⵜⴰⵅⵅⵓⵢⵜ (taxxuyt) |
| 49 | snake | ⵉⴼⵉⵖⵔ (ifiɣr) |
| 50 | worm | ⴰⵡⴽⴽⵉⵡ (awkkiw) |
| 51 | tree | ⴰⵙⴽⵍⵓ (asklu), ⴰⵅⵍⵉⵊⵊ (axlijj) |
| 52 | forest | ⵄⴰⵔⵉ (ɛari) |
| 53 | stick | ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵓⵛⵜ (taɣruct), ⵜⴰⵖⵔⵉⵜⵜ (taɣritt) |
| 54 | fruit | ⵜⴰⵃⴱⵓⴱⵜ (taḥbubt) |
| 55 | seed | ⵉⴼⵙⴰⵏ (ifsan), ⵣⵣⵔⵔⵉⵄⵜ (zzrriɛt), ⴰⵎⵓⴷ (amud) |
| 56 | leaf | ⵜⴰⵡⵔⵉⵇⵜ (tawriqt), ⵉⴼⵔ (ifr) |
| 57 | root | ⴰⵥⵓⵔ (aẓur) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ⴰⵇⵛⵓⵔ (aqcur) |
| 59 | flower | ⴰⵢⵊⵊⵉⴳ (ayjjig) |
| 60 | grass | ⵜⵓⴳⴰ (tuga) |
| 61 | rope | ⴰⵙⵇⵇⵏ (asqqn), ⵉⵣⵉⴽⵔ (izikr), ⴰⴳⴰⵜⵓ (agatu) |
| 62 | skin | ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵉⵎ (agʷlim), ⴰⵀⵉⵜⵓⵔ (ahitur), ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ (aksum) |
| 63 | meat | ⴰⴽⵙⵓⵎ (aksum) |
| 64 | blood | ⵉⴷⴰⵎⵎⵏ (idammn) |
| 65 | bone | ⵉⵅⵚ (ixṣ) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | ⵉⵎⵙ (ims), ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵏⵜ (tadunt) |
| 67 | egg | ⵜⴰⴳⵍⴰⵢⵜ (taglayt) |
| 68 | horn | ⵉⵙⴽ (isk) |
| 69 | tail | ⴰⴱⵔⴹⵓⴹ (abrḍuḍ) |
| 70 | feather | ⵔⵔⵉⵛ (rric) |
| 71 | hair | ⴰⵣⵣⴰⵔ (azzar) |
| 72 | head | ⵉⵖⴼ (iɣf), ⴰⵇⵕⵕⵓ (aqṛṛu), ⴰⵇⵛⴰⵛ (aqcac) |
| 73 | ear | ⴰⵎⵥⵥⵓⵖ (amẓẓuɣ) |
| 74 | eye | ⵜⵉⵟⵟ (tiṭṭ) (plural ⴰⵍⵍⵏ) |
| 75 | nose | ⵜⵉⴳⵏⵣⴰⵔ (tignzar), ⴰⵏⵣⴰⵔ (anzar) |
| 76 | mouth | ⴰⵇⵎⵓ (aqmu), ⵉⵎⵉ (imi) |
| 77 | tooth | ⵓⵅⵙ (uxs), ⵜⵓⵖⵎⵙⵜ (tuɣmst), ⵓⴳⵍ (ugl) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | ⵉⵍⵙ (ils) |
| 79 | fingernail | ⴰⵛⵛⵔ (accr), ⵉⵙⴽⵔ (iskr), ⴰⵅⴱⴰⵛ (axbac) |
| 80 | foot | ⴰⴹⴰⵔ (aḍar) |
| 81 | leg | ⴰⴹⴰⵔ (aḍar) |
| 82 | knee | ⴰⴼⵓⴷ (afud) |
| 83 | hand | ⴰⴼⵓⵙ (afus) |
| 84 | wing | ⴰⴼⵔ (afr) |
| 85 | belly | ⴰⵄⴷⴷⵉⵙ (aɛddis), ⴰⴷⵉⵙ (adis) |
| 86 | guts | ⵉⵙⵕⵎⴰⵏ (isṛman), ⵜⴰⴷⵓⵡⵡⴰⵔⵜ (taduwwart) |
| 87 | neck | ⵃⵏⵢⵉ (ḥnyi), ⴰⵎⴳⵔⴹ (amgrḍ) |
| 88 | back | ⵜⴰⴷⴰⵡⵜ (tadawt) |
| 89 | breast | ⴰⴱⵓⴱⴱⵓ (abubbu), ⵉⴼⴼ (iff) |
| 90 | heart | ⵓⵍ (ul) |
| 91 | liver | ⵜⴰⵙⴰ (tasa) |
| 92 | to drink | ⵙⵡ (sw) |
| 93 | to eat | ⵛⵛ (cc) |
| 94 | to bite | ⵛⵛ (cc), ⵇⵇⵙ (qqs) |
| 95 | to suck | ⵙⵙⵓⵎⵎ (ssumm) |
| 96 | to spit | ⵙⵙⵓⴼⵙ (ssufs) |
| 97 | to vomit | ⵔⴰⵔ (rar) |
| 98 | to blow | ⵙⵙⵓⴹ (ssuḍ) |
| 99 | to breathe | ⵙⵙⵓⵏⴼⵙ (ssunfs) |
| 100 | to laugh | ⵟⵙ (ṭs) |
| 101 | to see | ⴰⵏⵏⴰⵢ (annay) |
| 102 | to hear | ⵙⵍ (sl) |
| 103 | to know | ⵉⵙⵉⵏ (isin) |
| 104 | to think | ⵅⵎⵎⵎ (xmmm) |
| 105 | to smell | ⴽⴹⵓ (kḍu) |
| 106 | to fear | ⴳⴳⵯⴷ (ggʷd) |
| 107 | to sleep | ⴳⵏ (gn) |
| 108 | to live | ⴷⴷⵔ (ddr) |
| 109 | to die | ⵎⵎⵜ (mmt) |
| 110 | to kill | ⵏⵖ (nɣ) |
| 111 | to fight | ⵏⵏⴰⵖ (nnaɣ) |
| 112 | to hunt | ⴳⵎⵔ (gmr) (intransitive) |
| 113 | to hit | ⴳⵯⵜ (gʷt) |
| 114 | to cut | ⴱⴱⵢ (bby) |
| 115 | to split | ⵙⵜⵖ (stɣ), ⵟⵟⵉⵇⵙ (ṭṭiqs) |
| 116 | to stab | ⵏⵇⵇⴱ (nqqb) |
| 117 | to scratch | ⴽⵎⵣ (kmz) |
| 118 | to dig | ⵖⵣ (ɣz) |
| 119 | to swim | ⵄⵓⵎ (ɛum) |
| 120 | to fly | ⴰⴼⵔⵡ (afrw) |
| 121 | to walk | ⴷⴷⵓ (ddu) |
| 122 | to come | ⴰⵙ (as), ⴷⴷⵓ ⴷ (ddu d) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ⴳⵏ (gn) |
| 124 | to sit | ⵇⵇⵉⵎ (qqim) |
| 125 | to stand | ⴱⴷⴷ (bdd), ⵏⴽⵔ (nkr) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ⴹⵓⵡⵔ (ḍuwr) |
| 127 | to fall | ⴹⵔ (ḍr), ⵜⵜⵓⵜⵜⵢ (ttutty) |
| 128 | to give | ⴽⴼ (kf) |
| 129 | to hold | ⵟⵟⴼ (ṭṭf), ⴰⵎⵥ (amẓ) |
| 130 | to squeeze | ⵥⵎ (ẓm), ⵥⵉⵢⵔ (ẓiyr) |
| 131 | to rub | ⵎⵔⵢ (mry) |
| 132 | to wash | ⵙⵙⵉⵔⴷ (ssird) |
| 133 | to wipe | ⵙⴼⴹ (sfḍ) |
| 134 | to pull | ⵏⵣⵖ (nzɣ), ⵍⴷⵉ (ldi) |
| 135 | to push | ⵜⵃⵉ (tḥi), ⴷⴼⵄ (dfɛ) |
| 136 | to throw | ⴳⵔ (gr) |
| 137 | to tie | ⴰⵙⵙ (ass), ⵇⵇⵏ (qqn), ⴽⵔⵙ (krs), ⴽⵔⴼ (krf) |
| 138 | to sew | ⴳⵏⵓ (gnu) |
| 139 | to count | ⵃⴰⵙⴱ (ḥasb) |
| 140 | to say | ⵉⵏⵉ (ini) |
| 141 | to sing | ⵉⵔⵉⵔ (irir), ⵉⵏⵉ ⵉⵣⵍⴰⵏ (ini izlan) |
| 142 | to play | ⵓⵔⴰⵔ (urar), ⵀⴷⵔ (hdr), ⵍⵄⴱ (lɛb) |
| 143 | to float | ⵀⵣⵣⴰ (hzza) (no specific word) |
| 144 | to flow | ⴰⵣⵣⵍ (azzl), ⵙⵓⴷⴷⵎ (suddm), ⵏⴳⵉ (ngi), ⵔⵡⵍ (rwl) |
| 145 | to freeze | ⴳⵔⵙ (grs), ⵊⵎⵎⴷ (jmmd) |
| 146 | to swell | ⴰⴼⴼ (aff) |
| 147 | sun | ⵜⴰⴼⵓⴽⵜ (tafukt) |
| 148 | moon | ⴰⵢⵓⵔ (ayur) |
| 149 | star | ⵉⵜⵔⵉ (itri) |
| 150 | water | ⴰⵎⴰⵏ (aman) |
| 151 | rain | ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵔ (anẓar) |
| 152 | river | ⴰⵙⵉⴼ (asif) |
| 153 | lake | ⴰⴳⵯⵍⵎⴰⵎ (agʷlmam) |
| 154 | sea | ⵍⴱⵃⵔ (lbḥr) |
| 155 | salt | ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵜ (tisnt) |
| 156 | stone | ⴰⵥⵔⵓ (aẓru) (collective noun), ⵉⵙⵍⵍⵉ (islli) |
| 157 | sand | ⴰⵍⵅⵉⵅ (alxix), ⵔⵔⵎⵍⴰ (rrmla) |
| 158 | dust | ⵜⴰⴳⴷⵕⵓⵕⵜ (tagdṛuṛt) |
| 159 | earth | ⴰⴽⴰⵍ (akal) |
| 160 | cloud | ⵉⵙⴳⵏⵡ (isgnw) |
| 161 | fog | ⵜⴰⴳⵯⵓⵜⵜ (tagʷutt) |
| 162 | sky | ⵉⴳⵏⵏⴰ (ignna) |
| 163 | wind | ⴰⵣⵡⵓ (azwu), ⴰⵖⵔⴱⵉ (aɣrbi) |
| 164 | snow | ⴰⴷⴼⵍ (adfl) |
| 165 | ice | ⵉⵡⵔⵉ (iwri), ⴰⴳⵯⵔⵉⵙ (agʷris), ⴰⴳⵔⵉⵙ (agris) |
| 166 | smoke | ⴰⴳⴳⵓ (aggu) |
| 167 | fire | ⴰⴼⴰ (afa), ⵍⵄⴰⴼⵉⵜ (lɛafit) |
| 168 | ash | ⵉⵖⴷ (iɣd) |
| 169 | to burn | ⵖⵓⵙ (ɣus) (intransitive), ⵙⵙⵖⵓⵙ (ssɣus) (transitive), ⴽⵎⴹ (kmḍ) |
| 170 | road | ⴰⴱⵔⵉⴷ (abrid) |
| 171 | mountain | ⵊⵊⴱⵍ (jjbl) |
| 172 | red | ⴰⵣⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ (azggʷaɣ) |
| 173 | green | ⴰⵣⴳⵣⴰⵡ (azgzaw) |
| 174 | yellow | ⴰⵡⵔⴰⵖ (awraɣ) |
| 175 | white | ⵓⵎⵍⵉⵍ (umlil), ⴰⵎⵍⵍⴰⵍ (amllal) |
| 176 | black | ⴰⴱⵔⴽⴰⵏ (abrkan), ⴰⴱⵅⵅⵓⵛ (abxxuc) |
| 177 | night | ⵉⴹ (iḍ) |
| 178 | day | ⴰⵙⵙ (ass) |
| 179 | year | ⴰⵙⴳⴳⵯⴰⵙ (asggʷas) |
| 180 | warm | ⵃⵎⵓ (ḥmu), ⵔⵖ (rɣ) |
| 181 | cold | ⵙⵎⵉⴹ (smiḍ) |
| 182 | full | ⵄⵎⵎⵔ (ɛmmr) |
| 183 | new | ⵓⵊⴷⵉⴷ (ujdid) |
| 184 | old | ⴰⵇⴷⵉⵎ (aqdim) (of a person) |
| 185 | good | ⵉⵥⵉⵍ (iẓil), ⵖⵓⴷⵓ (ɣudu) |
| 186 | bad | ⴳⴰⵔ (gar), ⵅⵅⵓ (xxu), ⵓⵔⵉⵃⵍⵉⵏ (uriḥlin) |
| 187 | rotten | ⵔⵛⵓ (rcu) (especially wood) |
| 188 | dirty | ⵔⴽⵓ (rku), ⵓⵎⵓⵎ (umum) (very dirty), ⵡⵙⵅ (wsx) |
| 189 | straight | ⵏⵎ (nm), ⵙⴳⴳⵎ (sggm) |
| 190 | round | ⴰⵎⴹⵓⵡⵔ (amḍuwr) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ⵛⵡⵓ (cwu) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ⵃⴼⵓ (ḥfu) |
| 193 | smooth | ⴰⵍⴳⴳⵯⴰⵖ (alggʷaɣ) |
| 194 | wet | ⴱⵣⵢ (bzy), ⵎⵎⵖ (mmɣ) |
| 195 | dry | ⵇⵇⴰⵔ (qqar), ⵣⵡⵓ (zwu) |
| 196 | correct | ⵙⵜⵉⵜⵜ (stitt), ⵙⵃⵓ (sḥu), ⵍⵃⵇⵇ (lḥqq) |
| 197 | near | ⴷ (d) (verb complement), ⵇⵔⵔⴱ (qrrb) |
| 198 | far | ⴱⵄⴷ (bɛd) |
| 199 | right | ⴰⴼⴰⵙⵉ (afasi) |
| 200 | left | ⴰⵥⵍⵎⴰⴹ (aẓlmaḍ) |
| 201 | at | ⵖⵔ (ɣr), ⵢ (y) |
| 202 | in | ⵢ (y), ⴷⵢ (dy) |
| 203 | with | ⴷ (d) |
| 204 | and | ⴷ (d) |
| 205 | if | ⵎⴽ (mk) |
| 206 | because | ⵄⵍⴰⵃⵇⵇ (ɛlaḥqq) |
| 207 | name | ⵉⵙⵎ (ism) |