From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
This is a Swadesh list of words in Latgalian , compared with definitions in English .
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
No.
English
Latgalian
1
I
es , aś
2
you (singular)
tu
3
he
jis
4
we
mes , ḿaś
5
you
jius
6
they
jī
7
this
šys , itys
8
that
tys
9
here
ite , te , iťa
10
there
tī
11
who
kurs
12
what
kas
13
where
kur , kimā
14
when
kod
15
how
kai
16
not
nā
17
all
vyss
18
many
daudzi , namoz
19
some
nazcik , kuri nakuri
20
few
nadaudzeji
21
other
cyts
22
one
vīns
23
two
div
24
three
treis
25
four
četri
26
five
pīci
27
big
lels
28
long
gars , ilgs
29
wide
plots
30
thick
bīzs
31
heavy
gryuts
32
small
mozs
33
short
eiss
34
narrow
šaurs
35
thin
plans
36
woman
sīvīts
37
man (adult| male)
veirīts
38
man (human being)
cilvāks
39
child
bārns
40
wife
sīva
41
husband
veirs
42
mother
muote
43
father
tāvs
44
animal
dzeivinīks , žeivots
45
fish
zivs
46
bird
putnys
47
dog
suņs
48
louse
vuts
49
snake
čyuska , tuorps
50
worm
tuorps , tuorpeņš
51
tree
kūks
52
forest
mežs
53
stick (of wood)
vāza
54
fruit
-
55
seed
sākla
56
leaf
lopa
57
root
sakne
58
bark (of tree)
-
59
flower
puče
60
grass
zuole
61
rope
vierve
62
skin (of a person)
uoda
63
meat (as in flesh)
gala
64
blood
asnis
65
bone
kauls
66
fat (noun)
tauki , tuklums
67
egg
ūla
68
horn
rogs
69
tail
aste
70
feather
spolva
71
hair
moti
72
head
golva
73
ear
auss
74
eye
ocs
75
nose
nuoss
76
mouth
mute
77
tooth (rather not molar)
zūbs
78
tongue
mēle
79
fingernail
nogs
80
foot
pāds
81
leg
kuoja
82
knee
ceļs
83
hand
rūka
84
wing
spuorns
85
belly
vādars
86
guts
vydspuse , vydi
87
neck
koklys , reikle
88
back
mugora
89
breast
kryuts
90
heart
sirds
91
liver
oknys
92
to drink
dzert , teļst
93
to eat
ēst
94
to bite
kūst
95
to suck
suļkt
96
to spit
-
97
to vomit
vemt
98
to blow (as wind)
pyust
99
to breathe
dvašuot , pyustīs
100
to laugh
smītīs , krēkt , kecinēt
101
to see
redzēt
102
to hear
dzierdēt , izdzierst
103
to know (a fact)
zynuot
104
to think
guoduot , dūmuot
105
to smell
ūst , smuorduot
106
to fear
beitīs , beisteitīs
107
to sleep
gulēt
108
to live
dzeivuot
109
to die
miert , paguļt
110
to kill
nūsist , nuoveit , nūnuoveit
111
to fight
ceikstētīs , veiktīs , atsaturēt
112
to hunt
medeit
113
to hit
sist , laubt
114
to cut
grīzt
115
to split
padaleit , sadaleit
116
to stab (or stick)
dūrt , dūrsteit
117
to scratch (an itch)
-
118
to dig
rakt , best
119
to swim
maut
120
to fly
skraideit , laistīs
121
to walk
īt
122
to come
atīt , īt
123
to lie (as in a bed)
guļtīs (action) , gulēt "(state)"
124
to sit
sēdēt "(state)"
125
to stand
stuotīs , stuot (action)
126
to turn (intransitive)
apsagrīzt
127
to fall
krist
128
to give
dūt
129
to hold
turēt
130
to squeeze
mīgt , spīst
131
to rub
treit , bruozuot
132
to wash
mozguot
133
to wipe
slauceit
134
to pull
viļkt
135
to push
stoßen
136
to throw
svīst
137
to tie
sīt
138
to sew
šyut
139
to count
skaiteit
140
to say
saceit , runuot
141
to sing
dzīduot
142
to play
kaitavuot
143
to float
mauduot
144
to flow
tecēt , skrīt
145
to freeze
saļt
146
to swell
satyukšt
147
sun
saule
148
moon
mienesnīks
149
star
zvaigzne
150
water
iudiņs
151
rain
leits
152
river
upe
153
lake
azars
154
sea
jiura
155
salt
suoļs
156
stone
akmiņs
157
sand
smiļkts
158
dust
puteklis
159
earth
zeme
160
cloud
muokuļs
161
fog
mygla
162
sky
dabasi
163
wind
viejs
164
snow
snīgs
165
ice
lads
166
smoke
dyumi
167
fire
guņs
168
ash
palni
169
to burn
degt
170
road
ceļš
171
mountain
kolns
172
red
sorkons , raudons
173
green
zaļs
174
yellow
dzaltons , voskons (poet.)
175
white
bolts , boltons
176
black
malns
177
night
nakts
178
day (daytime)
dīna
179
year
gods
180
warm
sylts
181
cold
solts
182
full
pylns
183
new
jauns
184
old
vacs , senejais
185
good
lobs
186
bad
nalobs
187
rotten
-
188
dirty
nateirs
189
straight
taysnis
190
round
opols
191
sharp (as a knife)
oss
192
dull (as a knife)
neoss
193
smooth
gluds , leidzons
194
wet
volgons , slapnis
195
dry
sauss
196
correct
pareizs , taisneigs
197
near
tyvs tiveims
198
far
toleims
199
right (side)
lobais , pa lobai
200
left (side)
kairais , kairuo puse
201
at
pi
202
in
vyd
203
with
ar
204
and
i
205
if
ka , kod
206
because
kam , partū ka , deļtuo ka
207
name
vuords
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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