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Appendix:Turkish Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of words in Turkish, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishTurkish
türk dili
edit (207)
1I (1sg)ben
2you (2sg)sen, siz
3he, she, it (3sg)o
4we (1pl)biz
5you (2pl)siz
6they (3pl)onlar
7thisbu
8thatşu, o
9hereburada
10thereşurada, orada
11whokim
12whatne
13wherenerede
14whenne zaman
15hownasıl
16notdeğil
17allbütün, tüm
18manyçok
19somebiraz, birkaç, bazı
20fewaz
21otherbaşka, diğer, öbür, öteki
22onebir
23twoiki
24threeüç
25fourdört
26fivebeş
27bigbüyük
28longuzun
29widegeniş
30thickkalın
31heavyağır
32smallküçük
33shortkısa
34narrowdar
35thinince
36womankadın
37man (adult male)adam
38man (human being)insan, kişi
39childçocuk
40wifekarı
41husbandkoca
42motheranne, ana
43fatherbaba, ata
44animalhayvan
45fishbalık
46birdkuş
47dogköpek, it
48lousebit
49snakeyılan
50wormsolucan, kurt
51treeağaç
52forestorman
53stickçubuk, değnek, çıta
54fruitmeyve, meyva
55seedtohum
56leafyaprak
57rootkök
58bark (of a tree)kabuk
59flowerçiçek
60grassot, çimen, çim
61ropeip, halat
62skinderi, ten
63meatet
64bloodkan
65bonekemik
66fat (noun)yağ
67eggyumurta
68hornboynuz
69tailkuyruk
70feathertüy
71hairsaç, kıl
72headbaş, kafa
73earkulak
74eyegöz
75noseburun
76mouthağız
77toothdiş
78tongue (organ)dil
79fingernailtırnak
80footayak
81legbacak
82kneediz
83handel
84wingkanat
85bellykarın, göbek
86gutsbağırsak, barsak
87neckboyun
88backarka, sırt
89breastgöğüs
90heartyürek, kalp
91liverkaraciğer, ciğer
92to drinkiçmek
93to eatyemek
94to biteısırmak
95to suckemmek
96to spittükürmek
97to vomitkusmak
98to blowüflemek
99to breathesoluk almak, solumak, nefes almak
100to laughgülmek
101to seegörmek
102to hearişitmek, duymak
103to knowbilmek
104to thinkdüşünmek
105to smellkoklamak, kokmak
106to fearkorkmak
107to sleepuyumak
108to liveyaşamak, oturmak
109to dieölmek
110to killöldürmek
111to fightdövüşmek, kavga etmek
112to huntavlamak
113to hitvurmak
114to cutkesmek
115to splityarmak, ayırmak
116to stabbıçaklamak
117to scratchkaşımak
118to digkazmak
119to swimyüzmek
120to flyuçmak
121to walkyürümek
122to comegelmek
123to lie (as in a bed)yatmak, uzanmak
124to sitoturmak
125to standdurmak, dikilmek
126to turn (intransitive)dönmek, evirmek
127to falldüşmek
128to givevermek
129to holdtutmak
130to squeezesıkmak
131to rubsürmek, sürtmek, uğmak
132to washyıkamak, yumak
133to wipesilmek
134to pullçekmek
135to pushitmek
136to throwatmak
137to tiebağlamak
138to sewdikmek
139to countsaymak
140to saydemek, söylemek
141to singşarkı söylemek
142to playoynamak
143to floatyüzmek
144to flowakmak
145to freezedonmak, dondurmak
146to swellşişmek
147sungüneş
148moonay
149staryıldız
150watersu
151rainyağmur
152riverırmak, nehir
153lakegöl
154seadeniz
155salttuz
156stonetaş
157sandkum
158dusttoz
159earthyer, yeryüzü, dünya
160cloudbulut
161fogsis
162skygök, gökyüzü
163windyel, rüzgâr
164snowkar
165icebuz
166smokeduman
167fireod, ateş
168ashkül
169to burnyakmak, yanmak
170roadyol
171mountaindağ
172redkızıl, kırmızı
173greenyeşil
174yellowsarı
175whiteak, beyaz
176blackkara, siyah
177nightgece
178daygün, gündüz
179yearyıl, sene
180warmsıcak, ılık
181coldsoğuk, serin
182fulldolu
183newyeni
184oldeski, yaşlı
185goodiyi
186badkötü
187rottençürük
188dirtypis, kirli
189straightdüz, düzgün, doğru
190roundyuvarlak, toparlak
191sharp (as a knife)keskin
192dull (as a knife)kör
193smoothpürüzsüz, düzgün
194wetıslak, nemli
195drykuru
196correctdoğru, gerçek
197nearyakın
198faruzak
199rightsağ
200leftsol
201at-da, -de, -a, -e
202in-da, -de, içinde, içerisinde
203withile, -le
204andve, ile
205if-sa, -se, ise, eğer
206becauseçünkü
207namead, isim
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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