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Appendix:Scots Swadesh list

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This is a Swadesh list of words in Scots, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.


List

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No. English Scots
Scots 		IPA
pronunciation
1 I A
2 you (singular) thoo, you, ye
3 he he
4 we we
5 you (plural) thoo, you(se), ye(se)
6 they thay
7 this this
8 that that, 'at
9 here here
10 there thare
11 who wha
12 what whit
13 where whaur
14 when whan
15 how hou
16 not no
17 all aw
18 many mony
19 some some
20 few few
21 other ither
22 one ane, ae
23 two twa
24 three three
25 four fower
26 five five
27 big big, lairge
28 long lang
29 wide wide
30 thick thick
31 heavy hivy
32 small smaw, wee
33 short short, cutty
34 narrow nairae
35 thin thin
36 woman wumman
37 man (male) man
38 man (human) man
39 child child, bairn, wean
40 wife wife, guidwife
41 husband husband, guidman
42 mother mither
43 father faither
44 animal ainimal, beast
45 fish fish
46 bird bird, foul
47 dog dug
48 louse loose
49 snake snake
50 worm wirm
51 tree tree
52 forest wid
53 stick stick
54 fruit fruit
55 seed seed
56 leaf leaf
57 root ruit
58 bark (of a tree) baurk
59 flower flouer
60 grass gress, girse
61 rope raip, towe
62 skin skin, hide
63 meat meat, flesh
64 blood bluid
65 bone bane
66 fat (noun) fat
67 egg egg
68 horn horn
69 tail tail
70 feather feather
71 hair hair
72 head heid
73 ear ear, lug
74 eye ee
75 nose nose, neb
76 mouth mooth
77 tooth tuith
78 tongue tongue, leed (language)
79 fingernail fingernail
80 foot fit
81 leg leg
82 knee knee
83 hand haund
84 wing weeng
85 belly belly
86 guts guts
87 neck neck, hause
88 back back
89 breast breest
90 heart hert
91 liver liver
92 to drink tae drink
93 to eat tae eat
94 to bite tae bite
95 to suck tae souk
96 to spit tae spit
97 to vomit tae vomit, bowk
98 to blow tae blaw
99 to breathe tae braithe from braith, end
100 to laugh tae lauch
101 to see tae see
102 to hear tae here
103 to know tae knaw, ken
104 to think tae think
105 to smell tae smell
106 to fear tae fear
107 to sleep tae sleep
108 to live tae leeve
109 to die tae dee
110 to kill tae kill
111 to fight tae fecht
112 to hunt tae hunt
113 to hit tae hit, straik
114 to cut tae cut
115 to split tae spleet
116 to stab tae stob
117 to scratch tae scrat, scart
118 to dig tae dig
119 to swim tae sweem
120 to fly tae flee
121 to walk tae walk
122 to come tae come
123 to lie (as in a bed) tae lie, lig
124 to sit tae sit
125 to stand tae staund
126 to turn (intransitive) tae turn
127 to fall tae faw
128 to give tae gie
129 to hold tae haud
130 to squeeze tae squeeze, press
131 to rub tae rub
132 to wash tae wash
133 to wipe tae wipe, dicht
134 to pull tae pou, pull
135 to push tae push, putt
136 to throw tae thraw, cast, fling
137 to tie tae tie
138 to sew tae shew
139 to count tae coont, reckon
140 to say tae say
141 to sing tae sing
142 to play tae play
143 to float tae fleet, sweem
144 to flow tae flowe, rin
145 to freeze tae freeze
146 to swell tae swall
147 sun sun
148 moon muin
149 star starn
150 water watter
151 rain rain
152 river river
153 lake loch
154 sea sea
155 salt saut
156 stone stane
157 sand saund
158 dust dist, stour
159 earth earth, erd, yird
160 cloud clood, clud
161 fog rouk, haar
162 sky sky
163 wind wind
164 snow snaw
165 ice ice
166 smoke smeuk, reek
167 fire fire
168 ash ess
169 to burn birn
170 road road, gate, wey
171 mountain muntain
172 red reid
173 green green
174 yellow yellae
175 white white
176 black black
177 night nicht
178 day day
179 year year
180 warm wairm
181 cold cauld
182 full fou, full
183 new new
184 old auld
185 good guid
186 bad bad, ill
187 rotten rotten
188 dirty dirty
189 straight straucht
190 round roond
191 sharp (as a knife) shairp
192 dull (as a knife) dull, blunt
193 smooth smuith
194 wet weet
195 dry dry
196 correct correct, richt
197 near near, naur
198 far faur
199 right richt
200 left left
201 at at
202 in in, ben
203 with wi
204 and an
205 if gif
206 because acause
207 name name
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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