Appendix:Manchu Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Manchu, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Manchu ᠮᠠᠨᠵᡠ ᡤᡳᠰᡠᠨ (manju gisun) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | ᠪᡳ (bi) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | ᠰᡳ (si) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | ᡳ (i), ᡨᡝᡵᡝ (tere) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | ᠪᡝ (be) (exclusive), ᠮᡠᠰᡝ (muse) (inclusive) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | ᠰᡠᠸᡝ (suwe) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | ᠴᡝ (ce), ᡨᡝᠰᡝ (tese) |
| 7 | this | ᡝᡵᡝ (ere) |
| 8 | that | ᡨᡝᡵᡝ (tere) |
| 9 | here | ᡠᠪᠠ (uba) |
| 10 | there | ᡨᡠᠪᠠ (tuba) |
| 11 | who | ᠸᡝ (we) |
| 12 | what | ᠠᡳ (ai), ᠶᠠ (ya) |
| 13 | where | ᠶᠠᠪᠠ (yaba), ᠠᡳᠪᡳᡩᡝ (aibide), ᠠᠪᠠ (aba) |
| 14 | when | ᠠᡨᠠᠩᡤᡳ (atanggi) |
| 15 | how | ᠠᠪᠰᡳ (absi), ᠠᡩᠠᡵᠠᠮᡝ (adarame) |
| 16 | not | ᠸᠠᡴᠠ (waka), ᠠᡴᡡ (akū) |
| 17 | all | ᡝᡳᡨᡝᠨ (eiten), ᡤᡝᠮᡠ (gemu), ᡤᡠᠪᠴᡳ (gubci) |
| 18 | many | ᠯᠠᠪᡩᡠ (labdu), ᡤᡝᡵᡝᠨ (geren) |
| 19 | some | ᡝᠮᡝᠮᡠ (ememu), ᡠᡩᡠᡩᡠ (ududu) |
| 20 | few | ᡴᠣᠮᠰᠣ (komso) |
| 21 | other | ᡝᠨᠴᡠ (encu), ᡤᡡᠸᠠ (gūwa) |
| 22 | one | ᡝᠮᡠ (emu) |
| 23 | two | ᠵᡠᠸᡝ (juwe) |
| 24 | three | ᡳᠯᠠᠨ (ilan) |
| 25 | four | ᡩᡠᡳᠨ (duin) |
| 26 | five | ᠰᡠᠨᠵᠠ (sunja) |
| 27 | big | ᠠᠮᠪᠠ (amba) |
| 28 | long | ᡤᠣᠯᠮᡳᠨ (golmin) |
| 29 | wide | ᠣᠨᠴᠣ (onco), ᠯᡝᡨᡝᡥᡠᠨ (letehun), ᠯᡝᠯᡳ (leli) |
| 30 | thick | ᠵᡳᡵᠠᠮᡳᠨ (jiramin) |
| 31 | heavy | ᡠᠵᡝᠨ (ujen) |
| 32 | small | ᠠᠵᡳᡤᡝ (ajige) |
| 33 | short | ᡶᠣᡥᠣᠯᠣᠨ (foholon), ᡶᠠᠩᡴᠠᠯᠠ (fangkala) |
| 34 | narrow | ᡥᠠᡶᡳᡵᠠᡥᡡᠨ (hafirahūn), ᡳᠰᡥᡝᠯᡳᠶᡝᠨ (isheliyen) |
| 35 | thin | ᠨᡝᡴᡝᠯᡳᠶᡝᠨ (nekeliyen) |
| 36 | woman | ᡥᡝᡥᡝ (hehe) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ᡥᠠᡥᠠ (haha) |
| 38 | man (human being) | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠯᠮᠠ (niyalma) |
| 39 | child | ᠵᡠᡳ (jui) |
| 40 | wife | ᠰᠠᡵᡤᠠᠨ (sargan) |
| 41 | husband | ᡝᡳᡤᡝᠨ (eigen) |
| 42 | mother | ᡝᠮᡝ (eme), ᡝᠨᡳᠶᡝ (eniye) |
| 43 | father | ᠠᠮᠠ (ama) |
| 44 | animal | ᡤᡠᡵᡤᡠ (gurgu) |
| 45 | fish | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᡥᠠ (nimaha) |
| 46 | bird | ᡤᠠᠰᡥᠠ (gasha), ᠴᡝᠴᡳᡴᡝ (cecike) |
| 47 | dog | ᡳᠨᡩᠠᡥᡡᠨ (indahūn) |
| 48 | louse | ᠴᡳᡥᡝ (cihe) |
| 49 | snake | ᠮᡝᡳᡥᡝ (meihe) |
| 50 | worm | ᡠᠮᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ (umiyaha) |
| 51 | tree | ᠮᠣᠣ (moo), ᡥᠠᡳᠯᠠᠨ (hailan) |
| 52 | forest | ᠪᡠᠵᠠᠨ (bujan), ᠸᡝᠵᡳ (weji) |
| 53 | stick | ᠮᡠᡴᡧᠠᠨ (mukšan) |
| 54 | fruit | ᡨᡠᠪᡳᡥᡝ (tubihe) |
| 55 | seed | ᡠᠰᡝ (use) |
| 56 | leaf | ᠠᠪᡩᠠᡥᠠ (abdaha) |
| 57 | root | ᡶᡠᠯᡝᡥᡝ (fulehe), ᡩᠠ (da) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | ᠨᠣᡨᡥᠣ (notho) |
| 59 | flower | ᡳᠯᡥᠠ (ilha) |
| 60 | grass | ᠣᡵᡥᠣ (orho) |
| 61 | rope | ᡶᡠᡨᠠ (futa) |
| 62 | skin | ᠰᡠᡴᡡ (sukū) |
| 63 | meat | ᠶᠠᠯᡳ (yali) |
| 64 | blood | ᠰᡝᠩᡤᡳ (senggi) |
| 65 | bone | ᡤᡳᡵᠠᠩᡤᡳ (giranggi) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | ᡳᠮᡝᠩᡤᡳ (imenggi) |
| 67 | egg | ᡠᠮᡥᠠᠨ (umhan) |
| 68 | horn | ᡠᡳᡥᡝ (uihe) |
| 69 | tail | ᡠᠨᠴᡝᡥᡝᠨ (uncehen) |
| 70 | feather | ᡩᡝᡨᡥᡝ (dethe), ᡶᡠᠩᡤᠠᠯᠠ (funggala) |
| 71 | hair | ᡶᡠᠨᡳᠶᡝᡥᡝ (funiyehe) |
| 72 | head | ᡠᠵᡠ (uju) |
| 73 | ear | ᡧᠠᠨ (šan) |
| 74 | eye | ᠶᠠᠰᠠ (yasa) |
| 75 | nose | ᠣᡶᠣᡵᠣ (oforo) |
| 76 | mouth | ᠠᠩᡤᠠ (angga) |
| 77 | tooth | ᠸᡝᡳᡥᡝ (weihe) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | ᡳᠯᡝᠩᡤᡠ (ilenggu) |
| 79 | fingernail | ᡥᡳᡨᠠᡥᡡᠨ (hitahūn) |
| 80 | foot | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝ (bethe) |
| 81 | leg | ᠪᡝᡨᡥᡝ (bethe) |
| 82 | knee | ᡨᠣᠪᡤᡳᠶᠠ (tobgiya) |
| 83 | hand | ᡤᠠᠯᠠ (gala), ᡶᠠᠯᠠᠩᡤᡡ (falanggū) (palm of the hand) |
| 84 | wing | ᠠᠰᡥᠠ (asha) |
| 85 | belly | ᡥᡝᡶᡝᠯᡳ (hefeli) |
| 86 | guts | ᡩᡠᡥᠠ (duha) |
| 87 | neck | ᠮᠣᠩᡤᠣᠨ (monggon) |
| 88 | back | ᡶᡳᠰᠠ (fisa) |
| 89 | breast | ᡥᡠᡥᡠᠨ (huhun) |
| 90 | heart | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᠮᠠᠨ (niyaman) |
| 91 | liver | ᡶᠠᡥᡡᠨ (fahūn) |
| 92 | to drink | ᠣᠮᡳᠮᠪᡳ (omimbi) |
| 93 | to eat | ᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳ (jembi) |
| 94 | to bite | ᠰᠠᡳᠮᠪᡳ (saimbi) |
| 95 | to suck | ᡤᠣᠴᡳᠮᠪᡳ (gocimbi) |
| 96 | to spit | ᠴᡳᡶᡝᠯᡝᠮᠪᡳ (cifelembi) |
| 97 | to vomit | ᡶᡠᠶᠠᡴᡳᠶᠠᠮᠪᡳ (fuyakiyambi), ᠣᡴᠰᡳᠮᠪᡳ (oksimbi), ᠵᡠᡵᡠᠮᠪᡳ (jurumbi) |
| 98 | to blow | ᡶᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᡝᠮᠪᡳ (fulgiyembi) |
| 99 | to breathe | ᡝᡵᡤᡝᠨ ᡤᠠᡳᠮᠪᡳ (ergen gaimbi) |
| 100 | to laugh | ᡳᠨᠵᡝᠮᠪᡳ (injembi) |
| 101 | to see | ᠰᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (sabumbi) |
| 102 | to hear | ᡩᠣᠨᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ (donjimbi) |
| 103 | to know | ᠰᠠᠮᠪᡳ (sambi) |
| 104 | to think | ᡤᡡᠨᡳᠮᠪᡳ (gūnimbi), ᠪᠣᡩᠣᠮᠪᡳ (bodombi) |
| 105 | to smell | ᠸᠠᠩᡴᡳᠶᠠᠮᠪᡳ (wangkiyambi) |
| 106 | to fear | ᡤᡝᠯᡝᠮᠪᡳ (gelembi) |
| 107 | to sleep | ᠠᠮᡤᠠᠮᠪᡳ (amgambi) |
| 108 | to live | ᠪᠠᠨᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ (banjimbi) |
| 109 | to die | ᠪᡠᠴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (bucembi) |
| 110 | to kill | ᠸᠠᠮᠪᡳ (wambi) |
| 111 | to fight | ᠠᡶᠠᠮᠪᡳ (afambi) |
| 112 | to hunt | ᠠᠪᠠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (abalambi) |
| 113 | to hit | ᡨᠠᠨᡨᠠᠮᠪᡳ (tantambi), ᡨᡡᠮᠪᡳ (tūmbi) |
| 114 | to cut | ᡶᠠᡳᡨᠠᠮᠪᡳ (faitambi), ᡶᡠᡵᡠᠮᠪᡳ (furumbi), ᠰᠠᠴᡳᠮᠪᡳ (sacimbi) |
| 115 | to split | ᡩᡝᠯᡥᡝᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (delhebumbi), ᡩᡝᠨᡩᡝᠮᠪᡳ (dendembi) |
| 116 | to stab | ᡨᠣᡴᠣᠮᠪᡳ (tokombi), ᠨᡠᡴᠠᠮᠪᡳ (nukambi) |
| 117 | to scratch | ᠸᠠᡧᠠᠮᠪᡳ (wašambi) |
| 118 | to dig | ᡶᡝᡨᡝᠮᠪᡳ (fetembi) |
| 119 | to swim | ᡝᠯᠪᡳᡧᡝᠮᠪᡳ (elbišembi) |
| 120 | to fly | ᡩᡝᠶᡝᠮᠪᡳ (deyembi) |
| 121 | to walk | ᠣᡴᠰᠣᠮᠪᡳ (oksombi), ᠶᠠᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (yabumbi) |
| 122 | to come | ᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ (jimbi) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ᡩᡝᡩᡠᠮᠪᡳ (dedumbi) |
| 124 | to sit | ᡨᡝᠮᠪᡳ (tembi) |
| 125 | to stand | ᡳᠯᡳᠮᠪᡳ (ilimbi) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | ᡶᠣᡵᡤᠣᡧᠣᠮᠪᡳ (forgošombi) |
| 127 | to fall | ᡨᡠᡥᡝᠮᠪᡳ (tuhembi) |
| 128 | to give | ᠪᡠᠮᠪᡳ (bumbi) |
| 129 | to hold | ᠵᠠᡶᠠᠮᠪᡳ (jafambi) |
| 130 | to squeeze | ᠰᡳᡵᡳᠮᠪᡳ (sirimbi) |
| 131 | to rub | ᠮᠣᠨᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ (monjimbi) |
| 132 | to wash | ᠣᠪᠣᠮᠪᡳ (obombi) |
| 133 | to wipe | ᠮᠠᠪᡠᠯᠠᠮᠪᡳ (mabulambi) |
| 134 | to pull | ᡨᠠᡨᠠᠮᠪᡳ (tatambi) |
| 135 | to push | ᠠᠨᠠᠮᠪᡳ (anambi) |
| 136 | to throw | ᡶᠠᡥᠠᠮᠪᡳ (fahambi) |
| 137 | to tie | ᡥᡠᡨᡥᡠᠮᠪᡳ (huthumbi), ᡥᡡᠸᠠᡳᡨᠠᠮᠪᡳ (hūwaitambi) |
| 138 | to sew | ᡳᡶᡳᠮᠪᡳ (ifimbi) |
| 139 | to count | ᡨᠣᠯᠣᠮᠪᡳ (tolombi) |
| 140 | to say | ᡥᡝᠨᡩᡠᠮᠪᡳ (hendumbi), ᡤᡳᠰᡠᡵᡝᠮᠪᡳ (gisurembi), ᠰᡝᠮᠪᡳ (sembi) |
| 141 | to sing | ᡠᠴᡠᠯᡝᠮᠪᡳ (uculembi) |
| 142 | to play | ᡝᡶᡳᠮᠪᡳ (efimbi) |
| 143 | to float | ᡩᡝᡴᡩᡝᠮᠪᡳ (dekdembi) |
| 144 | to flow | ᡝᠶᡝᠮᠪᡳ (eyembi) |
| 145 | to freeze | ᡤᡝᠴᡝᠮᠪᡳ (gecembi) |
| 146 | to swell | ᠠᡳᠪᡳᠮᠪᡳ (aibimbi), ᠮᠠᡩᠠᠮᠪᡳ (madambi), ᡩᡠᡴᡩᡠᡵᡝᠮᠪᡳ (dukdurembi) |
| 147 | sun | ᡧᡠᠨ (šun) |
| 148 | moon | ᠪᡳᠶᠠ (biya) |
| 149 | star | ᡠᠰᡳᡥᠠ (usiha) |
| 150 | water | ᠮᡠᡴᡝ (muke) |
| 151 | rain | ᠠᡤᠠ (aga) |
| 152 | river | ᠪᡳᡵᠠ (bira), ᡠᠯᠠ (ula) |
| 153 | lake | ᠣᠮᠣ (omo), ᡨᡝᠩᡤᡳᠨ (tenggin), ᠨᠣᠣᡵ (noor) |
| 154 | sea | ᠨᠠᠮᡠ (namu), ᠮᡝᡩᡝᡵᡳ (mederi) |
| 155 | salt | ᡩᠠᠪᠰᡠᠨ (dabsun) |
| 156 | stone | ᠸᡝᡥᡝ (wehe) |
| 157 | sand | ᠶᠣᠩᡤᠠᠨ (yonggan) |
| 158 | dust | ᠪᡠᡵᠠᡴᡳ (buraki) |
| 159 | earth | ᠨᠠ (na), ᠪᠣᡳᡥᠣᠨ (boihon) (soil) |
| 160 | cloud | ᡨᡠᡤᡳ (tugi) |
| 161 | fog | ᡨᠠᠯᠮᠠᠨ (talman) |
| 162 | sky | ᠠᠪᡴᠠ (abka) |
| 163 | wind | ᡝᡩᡠᠨ (edun) |
| 164 | snow | ᠨᡳᠮᠠᠩᡤᡳ (nimanggi) |
| 165 | ice | ᠵᡠᡥᡝ (juhe) |
| 166 | smoke | ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (šanggiyan) |
| 167 | fire | ᡨᡠᠸᠠ (tuwa) |
| 168 | ash | ᡶᡠᠯᡝᠩᡤᡳ (fulenggi) |
| 169 | to burn | ᡩᠠᠮᠪᡳ (dambi), ᡩᡝᡳᠵᡳᠮᠪᡳ (deijimbi), ᡩᡠᠯᡝᠮᠪᡳ (dulembi) |
| 170 | road | ᠵᡠᡤᡡᠨ (jugūn) |
| 171 | mountain | ᠠᠯᡳᠨ (alin) |
| 172 | red | ᡶ᠋ᡠᠯᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (fulgiyan), ᡶ᠋ᡠᠯᠠᡥᡡᠨ (fulahūn) (light red) |
| 173 | green | ᠨᡳᠣᠸᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (niowanggiyan), ᠨᡳᠣᡥᠣᠨ (niohon) (light green) |
| 174 | yellow | ᠰᡠᠸᠠᠶᠠᠨ (suwayan), ᠰᠣᡥᠣᠨ (sohon) (light yellow) |
| 175 | white | ᡧᠠᠨᠶᠠᠨ (šanyan), ᡧᠠᠩᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ (šanggiyan), ᡧᠠᡥᡡᠨ (šahūn) (pale) |
| 176 | black | ᠰᠠᡥᠠᠯᡳᠶᠠᠨ (sahaliyan), ᠰᠠᡥᠠᡥᡡᠨ (sahahūn) (light black) |
| 177 | night | ᡩᠣᠪᠣᡵᡳ (dobori) |
| 178 | day | ᡳᠨᡝᠩᡤᡳ (inenggi) |
| 179 | year | ᠠᠨᡳᠶᠠ (aniya) |
| 180 | warm | ᡥᠠᠯᡠᡴᠠᠨ (halukan) |
| 181 | cold | ᡧᠠᡥᡡᡵᡠᠨ (šahūrun) |
| 182 | full | ᠵᠠᠯᡠ (jalu) |
| 183 | new | ᡳᠴᡝ (ice) |
| 184 | old | ᡶᡝ (fe), ᠰᠠᡴᡩᠠ (sakda) (elderly) |
| 185 | good | ᠰᠠᡳᠨ (sain) |
| 186 | bad | ᡝᡥᡝ (ehe) |
| 187 | rotten | ᠨᡳᠶᠠᡥᠠ (niyaha) |
| 188 | dirty | ᠨᠠᠨᡨᡠᡥᡡᠨ (nantuhūn), ᠯᠠᠩᠰᡝ (langse) |
| 189 | straight | ᡨᠣᠨᡩᠣ (tondo), ᡤᠣᡩᠣᡥᠣᠨ (godohon) (perpendicular) |
| 190 | round | ᠮᡠᡥᡝᠯᡳᠶᡝᠨ (muheliyen) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ᡩᠠᠴᡠᠨ (dacun) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ᠮᠣᠶᠣ (moyo) |
| 193 | smooth | ᠨᡳᠯᡠᡴᠠᠨ (nilukan) |
| 194 | wet | ᡩᡝᡵᠪᡝᡥᡠᠨ (derbehun), ᡠᠰᡳᡥᡳᠨ (usihin) |
| 195 | dry | ᠣᠯᡥᠣᠨ (olhon) |
| 196 | correct | ᡨᠣᠪ (tob), ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩᡤᠠ (giyangga) |
| 197 | near | ᡥᠠᠨᠴᡳ (hanci) |
| 198 | far | ᡤᠣᡵᠣ (goro), ᠠᠯᡩᠠᠩᡤᠠ (aldangga) |
| 199 | right | ᡳᠴᡳ (ici) |
| 200 | left | ᡥᠠᠰᡥᡡ (hashū) |
| 201 | at | ᡩᡝ (de) |
| 202 | in | ᡩᡝ (de), ᡩᠣᠯᠣ (dolo) |
| 203 | with | ᡝᠮᡤᡳ (emgi), ᠰᠠᠰᠠ (sasa), ᠵᠠᡳ (jai) |
| 204 | and | ᠵᠠᡳ (jai) |
| 205 | if | ᠠᡳᡴᠠ (aika), ᠠᡳᡴᠠᠪᠠᡩᡝ (aikabade), ᠣᠴᡳ (oci), ᠣᡥᠣᡩᡝ (ohode) |
| 206 | because | ᡨᡠᡵᡤᡠᠨᡩᡝ (turgunde), ᠵᠠᡴᠠᡩᡝ (jakade), ᠵᠠᠯᡳᠨ (jalin), ᠣᡶᡳ (ofi) |
| 207 | name | ᡤᡝᠪᡠ (gebu) |