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Appendix:Aromanian Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of words in Aromanian, compared with definitions in English.

Presentation

[edit]
For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishAromanian
armãneascã
edit (207)
1I (1sg)mini, mine, io
2you (2sg)tini, tine
3he, she, it (3sg)el, nãs
4we (1pl)noi
5you (2pl)voi
6they (3pl)ei, eli, nãsh, nãsi
7thisaistu, aestu
8thatatsel
9hereaoa, ao
10thereaclo, aco
11whocari, care, cai
12whattsi, tse
13whereiu
14whencãndu, cãnd, chend
15howcum, cumu
16notnu
17alltut
18manymultsã, mults
19somenishti
20fewputsãn, ptsãn
21otheraltu
22oneun
23twodoi
24threetrei
25fourpatru
26fivetsintsi
27bigmari
28longlungu
29widelargu
30thickgros
31heavygreu
32smallnjic
33shortshcurtu
34narrowstrimtu, ngustu
35thinsuptsãri, subtsãre
36womanmuljari, muljare
37man (adult male)bãrbat, mascur
38man (human being)om
39childficior, fcior, fãcior
40wifeãnveastã, nveastã
41husbandbãrbat
42mothermamã
43fathertatã, tati
44animalpravdã
45fishpeashti, pescu
46birdpulj, puljiu
47dogcãni, cãne, cheni, keni
48lousepiduclju
49snakesharpi
50wormyermu
51treearburi
52forestpãduri, pãdure
53stickvirdzeauã, virdzeao
54fruitfructu, frutã
55seedsimintsã
56leaffrãndzã
57rootrãdãtsinã, arãdãtsinã
58bark (of a tree)shcoarci
59flowerlilici, lilice, lãluce
60grassearbã, iarbã
61ropefuni
62skincheali, coaji
63meatcarni, carne, carre, carrã
64bloodsãndzi, sãndze, sendzi
65boneos
66fat (noun)grãsimi, grãsime
67eggou
68horncornu
69tailcoadã
70featherpeanã
71hairper
72headcap
73earureaclji
74eyeoclju
75nosenari, nare
76mouthgurã
77toothdinti, dinte
78tongue (organ)limbã
79fingernailunglji
80footcicior
81legcicior
82kneedzenuclju
83handmãnã
84wingarpã
85bellyburic, foali
86gutsmatsã
87neckgushi
88backplãtari, spatã, spalã
89breastcheptu, chieptu
90heartinimã
91liverhicat, hecat
92to drinkbeau
93to eatmãc
94to bitemãshcu, mushcu, mushc
95to sucksug
96to spitascuchiu
97to vomitvom, vomu
98to blowsuflu, sufl
99to breatheadilju, adiyi
100to laugharãd, arãdu
101to seeved
102to hearavdu, avd
103to knowshtiu, shciu
104to thinkminduescu
105to smellanjurdzescu
106to fearmi aspar
107to sleepdormu
108to livebãnedz, bãnedzu
109to diemor
110to killvatãm, tsid
111to fightmi batu, alumtu
112to huntavin
113to hitagudescu, bat
114to cuttalj, taljiu
115to splitdisic, dischic
116to stabãnjungiu, pung
117to scratchscarchin, scarchinu
118to digarãm, arãmu
119to swimanot, notu
120to flyazboair, azbor
121to walkimnu
122to comeyin
123to lie (as in a bed)mi culcu (action), stau cãlcatã (state)
124to sitshed, mi ashedz
125to standstau
126to turn (intransitive)mi tornu
127to fallcad
128to givedau
129to holdtsãn
130to squeezestringu
131to rubfrec
132to washspel, aspel
133to wipeashtergu, ashcergu
134to pulltrag
135to pushpingu
136to throwaruc
137to tieleg
138to sewcos
139to countnumir
140to sayspun, dzãc
141to singcãntu
142to playmi gioc
143to floatmplãtescu
144to flowcur
145to freezeãngljets
146to swellmi umflu
147sunsoari
148moonlunã
149starsteauã, steauo
150waterapã
151rainploai
152riverarãu
153lakelac
154seaamari, amare
155saltsari, sare
156stonecheatrã, chiatrã
157sandarinã
158dustpulbiri
159earthpimintu
160cloudnior, nãur, nor
161fognegurã, cãtãhnii, eamã
162skytser
163windvimtu, vintu
164snowneauã, neao
165icegljets
166smokefum
167firefoc
168ashcinushi, cinushe
169to burnardu
170roadcali, cale
171mountainmunti, munte
172redarosh, rosh
173greenveardi, vearde, verdi
174yellowgalbin, galbãn
175whitealbu, alb
176blacklaiu
177nightnoapti, noapte
178daydzuã
179yearan
180warmcaldu
181coldaratsi, aratse, frigã
182fullplin, mplin
183newnau
184oldveclju
185goodbun
186badarãu
187rottenputrid, putridzãt
188dirtylãvos
189straightãndreptu
190roundgurguljat
191sharp (as a knife)tãljos, sumigos
192dull (as a knife)mâcát
193smoothbuimatcu
194wetud
195dryuscat
196correctãndreptu
197nearaproapi, aproape, aproapea
198fardiparti
199rightãndreptu
200leftstãngu
201atla
202inãn, tru
203withcu
204andshi
205ifmacã, disi
206because, che
207namenumã, numi, nume
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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