Appendix:Finnish Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Finnish, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| № | English | Finnish suomi edit (207) | IPA (key) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | minä | /ˈminæ/ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | sinä | /ˈsinæ/ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | hän (he/she) | /ˈhæn/ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | me | /ˈme/ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | te | /ˈte/ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | he | /ˈhe/ |
| 7 | this | tämä | /ˈtæmæ/ |
| 8 | that | tuo, se | /ˈtuo̯/, /ˈse/ |
| 9 | here | täällä | /ˈtæːlːæ/ |
| 10 | there | tuolla, siellä | /ˈtuo̯lːɑ/, /ˈsie̯lːæ/ |
| 11 | who | kuka, ken (archaic) | /ˈkukɑ/, /ˈken/ |
| 12 | what | mikä, mitä | /ˈmikæ/, /ˈmitæ/ |
| 13 | where | missä | /ˈmisːæ/ |
| 14 | when | milloin, koska | /ˈmilːoi̯n/, /ˈkoskɑ/ |
| 15 | how | miten, kuinka | /ˈmiten/, /ˈkui̯ŋkɑ/ |
| 16 | not | ei | /ˈei̯/ |
| 17 | all | kaikki | /ˈkɑi̯kːi/ |
| 18 | many | monta, paljon | /ˈmontɑ/, /ˈpɑljon/ |
| 19 | some | jotkut | /ˈjoku/ |
| 20 | few | muutama, harva, vähän | /ˈmuːtɑmɑ/, /ˈhɑrʋɑ/, /ˈʋæhæn/ |
| 21 | other | muu, toinen | /ˈmuː/, /ˈtoi̯nen/ |
| 22 | one | yksi | /ˈyksi/ |
| 23 | two | kaksi | /ˈkɑksi/ |
| 24 | three | kolme | /ˈkolme/ |
| 25 | four | neljä | /ˈneljæ/ |
| 26 | five | viisi | /ˈʋiːsi/ |
| 27 | big | iso, suuri | /ˈiso/, /ˈsuːri/ |
| 28 | long | pitkä | /ˈpitkæ/ |
| 29 | wide | leveä, laaja | /ˈleʋeæ/, /ˈlɑːjɑ/ |
| 30 | thick | paksu | /ˈpɑksu/ |
| 31 | heavy | raskas, painava | /ˈrɑskɑs/, /ˈpɑi̯nɑʋɑ/ |
| 32 | small | pieni | /ˈpie̯ni/ |
| 33 | short | lyhyt | /ˈlyhyt/ |
| 34 | narrow | kapea | /ˈkɑpeɑ/ |
| 35 | thin | ohut | /ˈohut/ |
| 36 | woman | nainen | /ˈnɑi̯nen/ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | mies | /ˈmie̯s/ |
| 38 | man (human being) | ihminen | /ˈihminen/ |
| 39 | child | lapsi | /ˈlɑpsi/ |
| 40 | wife | vaimo | /ˈʋɑi̯mo/ |
| 41 | husband | mies, aviomies | /ˈmie̯s/, /ˈɑʋioˌmie̯s/ |
| 42 | mother | äiti, emä (archaic, except for animals) | /ˈæi̯ti/, /ˈemæ/ |
| 43 | father | isä | /ˈisæ/ |
| 44 | animal | eläin | /ˈelæi̯n/ |
| 45 | fish | kala | /ˈkɑlɑ/ |
| 46 | bird | lintu | /ˈlintu/ |
| 47 | dog | koira, peni (archaic) | /ˈkoi̯rɑ/, /ˈpeni/ |
| 48 | louse | täi | /ˈtæi̯/ |
| 49 | snake | käärme | /ˈkæːrmeˣ/ |
| 50 | worm | mato | /ˈmɑto/ |
| 51 | tree | puu | /ˈpuː/ |
| 52 | forest | metsä | /ˈmetsæ/ |
| 53 | stick | keppi, sauva | /ˈkepːi/, /ˈsɑu̯ʋɑ/ |
| 54 | fruit | hedelmä, marja (berry) | /ˈhedelmæ/, /ˈmɑrjɑ/ |
| 55 | seed | siemen | /ˈsie̯men/ |
| 56 | leaf | lehti | /ˈlehti/ |
| 57 | root | juuri | /ˈjuːri/ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | kuori | /ˈkuo̯ri/ |
| 59 | flower | kukka | /ˈkukːɑ/ |
| 60 | grass | ruoho | /ˈruo̯ho/ |
| 61 | rope | köysi | /ˈkøy̯si/ |
| 62 | skin | iho, nahka | /ˈiho/, /ˈnɑhkɑ/ |
| 63 | meat | liha | /ˈlihɑ/ |
| 64 | blood | veri | /ˈʋeri/ |
| 65 | bone | luu | /ˈluː/ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | rasva | /ˈrɑsʋɑ/ |
| 67 | egg | muna | /ˈmunɑ/ |
| 68 | horn | sarvi | /ˈsɑrʋi/ |
| 69 | tail | häntä | /ˈhæntæ/ |
| 70 | feather | sulka | /ˈsulkɑ/ |
| 71 | hair | karva, hius (human head hair) | /ˈkɑrʋɑ/, /ˈhiu̯s/ |
| 72 | head | pää | /ˈpæː/ |
| 73 | ear | korva | /ˈkorʋɑ/ |
| 74 | eye | silmä | /ˈsilmæ/ |
| 75 | nose | nenä | /ˈnenæ/ |
| 76 | mouth | suu | /ˈsuː/ |
| 77 | tooth | hammas | /ˈhɑmːɑs/ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | kieli | /ˈkie̯li/ |
| 79 | fingernail | kynsi | /ˈkynsi/ |
| 80 | foot | jalka, jalkaterä | /ˈjɑlkɑ/, /ˈjɑlkɑˌteræ/ |
| 81 | leg | jalka, sääri | /ˈjɑlkɑ/, /ˈsæːri/ |
| 82 | knee | polvi | /ˈpolʋi/ |
| 83 | hand | käsi | /ˈkæsi/ |
| 84 | wing | siipi | /ˈsiːpi/ |
| 85 | belly | vatsa, maha | /ˈʋɑtsɑ/, /ˈmɑhɑ/ |
| 86 | guts | suolet | /ˈsuo̯li/ |
| 87 | neck | kaula | /ˈkɑu̯lɑ/ |
| 88 | back | selkä | /ˈselkæ/ |
| 89 | breast | rinta | /ˈrintɑ/ |
| 90 | heart | sydän | /ˈsydæn/ |
| 91 | liver | maksa | /ˈmɑksɑ/ |
| 92 | to drink | juoda | /ˈjuo̯dɑˣ/ |
| 93 | to eat | syödä | /ˈsyø̯dæˣ/ |
| 94 | to bite | purra | /ˈpurːɑˣ/ |
| 95 | to suck | imeä | /ˈimeæˣ/ |
| 96 | to spit | sylkeä | /ˈsylkeæˣ/ |
| 97 | to vomit | oksentaa | /ˈoksentɑːˣ/ |
| 98 | to blow | puhaltaa | /ˈpuhɑltɑːˣ/ |
| 99 | to breathe | hengittää | /ˈheŋːitːæːˣ/ |
| 100 | to laugh | nauraa | /ˈnɑu̯rɑːˣ/ |
| 101 | to see | nähdä | /ˈnæhdæˣ/ |
| 102 | to hear | kuulla | /ˈkuːlːɑˣ/ |
| 103 | to know | tietää | /ˈtie̯tæːˣ/ |
| 104 | to think | ajatella | /ˈɑjɑtelːɑˣ/ |
| 105 | to smell | haistaa | /ˈhɑi̯stɑːˣ/ |
| 106 | to fear | pelätä | /ˈpelætæˣ/ |
| 107 | to sleep | nukkua | /ˈnukːuɑˣ/ |
| 108 | to live | elää | /ˈelæːˣ/ |
| 109 | to die | kuolla | /ˈkuo̯lːɑˣ/ |
| 110 | to kill | tappaa | /ˈtɑpːɑːˣ/ |
| 111 | to fight | tapella | /ˈtɑpelːɑˣ/ |
| 112 | to hunt | metsästää | /ˈmetsæstæːˣ/ |
| 113 | to hit | lyödä | /ˈlyø̯dæˣ/ |
| 114 | to cut | leikata | /ˈlei̯kɑtɑˣ/ |
| 115 | to split | halkaista | /ˈhɑlkɑi̯stɑˣ/ |
| 116 | to stab | pistää | /ˈpistæːˣ/ |
| 117 | to scratch | raapia | /ˈrɑːpiɑˣ/ |
| 118 | to dig | kaivaa | /ˈkɑi̯ʋɑːˣ/ |
| 119 | to swim | uida | /ˈui̯dɑˣ/ |
| 120 | to fly | lentää | /ˈlentæːˣ/ |
| 121 | to walk | kävellä | /ˈkæʋelːæˣ/ |
| 122 | to come | tulla | /ˈtulːɑˣ/ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | maata | /ˈmɑːtɑˣ/ |
| 124 | to sit | istua | /ˈistuɑˣ/ |
| 125 | to stand | seistä | /ˈsei̯stæˣ/ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | kääntyä | /ˈkæːntyæˣ/ |
| 127 | to fall | pudota | /ˈpudotɑˣ/ |
| 128 | to give | antaa | /ˈɑntɑːˣ/ |
| 129 | to hold | pitää | /ˈpitæːˣ/ |
| 130 | to squeeze | puristaa | /ˈpuristɑːˣ/ |
| 131 | to rub | hieroa | /ˈhie̯roɑˣ/ |
| 132 | to wash | pestä | /ˈpestæˣ/ |
| 133 | to wipe | pyyhkiä | /ˈpyːhkiæˣ/ |
| 134 | to pull | vetää | /ˈʋetæːˣ/ |
| 135 | to push | työntää | /ˈtyø̯ntæːˣ/ |
| 136 | to throw | heittää | /ˈhei̯tːæːˣ/ |
| 137 | to tie | sitoa | /ˈsitoɑˣ/ |
| 138 | to sew | ommella | /ˈomːelːɑˣ/ |
| 139 | to count | laskea | /ˈlɑskeɑˣ/ |
| 140 | to say | sanoa | /ˈsɑnoɑˣ/ |
| 141 | to sing | laulaa | /ˈlɑu̯lɑːˣ/ |
| 142 | to play | leikkiä | /ˈlei̯kːiæˣ/ |
| 143 | to float | kellua | /ˈkelːuɑˣ/ |
| 144 | to flow | virrata | /ˈʋirːɑtɑˣ/ |
| 145 | to freeze | jäätyä | /ˈjæːtyæˣ/ |
| 146 | to swell | paisua | /ˈpɑi̯suɑˣ/ |
| 147 | sun | aurinko, päivä (archaic or dialectal outside set expressions) | /ˈɑu̯riŋko/, /ˈpæi̯ʋæ/ |
| 148 | moon | kuu | /ˈkuː/ |
| 149 | star | tähti | /ˈtæhti/ |
| 150 | water | vesi | /ˈʋesi/ |
| 151 | rain | sade | /ˈsɑdeˣ/ |
| 152 | river | joki | /ˈjoki/ |
| 153 | lake | järvi | /ˈjærʋi/ |
| 154 | sea | meri | /ˈmeri/ |
| 155 | salt | suola | /ˈsuo̯lɑ/ |
| 156 | stone | kivi | /ˈkiʋi/ |
| 157 | sand | hiekka | /ˈhie̯kːɑ/ |
| 158 | dust | pöly, tomu | /ˈpøly/, /ˈtomu/ |
| 159 | earth | maa, multa | /ˈmɑː/, /ˈmultɑ/ |
| 160 | cloud | pilvi | /ˈpilʋi/ |
| 161 | fog | sumu | /ˈsumu/ |
| 162 | sky | taivas | /ˈtɑi̯ʋɑs/ |
| 163 | wind | tuuli | /ˈtuːli/ |
| 164 | snow | lumi | /ˈlumi/ |
| 165 | ice | jää | /ˈjæː/ |
| 166 | smoke | savu | /ˈsɑʋu/ |
| 167 | fire | tuli | /ˈtuli/ |
| 168 | ash | tuhka | /ˈtuhkɑ/ |
| 169 | to burn | palaa | /ˈpɑlɑːˣ/ |
| 170 | road | tie | /ˈtie̯/ |
| 171 | mountain | vuori | /ˈʋuo̯ri/ |
| 172 | red | punainen | /ˈpunɑi̯nen/ |
| 173 | green | vihreä | /ˈʋihreæ/ |
| 174 | yellow | keltainen | /ˈkeltɑi̯nen/ |
| 175 | white | valkoinen | /ˈʋɑlkoi̯nen/ |
| 176 | black | musta | /ˈmustɑ/ |
| 177 | night | yö | /ˈyø̯/ |
| 178 | day | päivä | /ˈpæi̯ʋæ/ |
| 179 | year | vuosi | /ˈʋuo̯si/ |
| 180 | warm | lämmin | /ˈlæmːin/ |
| 181 | cold | kylmä | /ˈkylmæ/ |
| 182 | full | täysi | /ˈtæy̯si/ |
| 183 | new | uusi | /ˈuːsi/ |
| 184 | old | vanha | /ˈʋɑnhɑ/ |
| 185 | good | hyvä | /ˈhyʋæ/ |
| 186 | bad | paha (evil, severe), huono (of inferior quality) | /ˈpɑhɑ/, /ˈhuo̯no/ |
| 187 | rotten | mätä, laho (of wood) | /ˈmætæ/, /ˈlɑho/ |
| 188 | dirty | likainen | /ˈlikɑi̯nen/ |
| 189 | straight | suora | /ˈsuo̯rɑ/ |
| 190 | round | pyöreä | /ˈpyø̯reæ/ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | terävä | /ˈteræʋæ/ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | tylsä, tylppä | /ˈtylsæ/, /ˈtylpːæ/ |
| 193 | smooth | sileä | /ˈsileæ/ |
| 194 | wet | märkä | /ˈmærkæ/ |
| 195 | dry | kuiva | /ˈkui̯ʋɑ/ |
| 196 | correct | oikea | /ˈoi̯keɑ/ |
| 197 | near | lähellä | /ˈlæhelːæ/ |
| 198 | far | kaukana | /ˈkɑu̯kɑnɑ/ |
| 199 | right | oikea | /ˈoi̯keɑ/ |
| 200 | left | vasen | /ˈʋɑsen/ |
| 201 | at | -lla (adessive case), -ssa (inessive case) | /-lːɑ/, /-sːɑ/ |
| 202 | in | -ssa (inessive case), -lla (adessive case) | /-sːɑ/, /-lːɑ/ |
| 203 | with | kanssa | /ˈkɑnsːɑ/ |
| 204 | and | ja, sekä | /ˈjɑ/, /ˈsekæ/ |
| 205 | if | jos | /ˈjos/ |
| 206 | because | koska | /ˈkoskɑ/ |
| 207 | name | nimi | /ˈnimi/ |
See also
[edit]Bibliography
[edit]- Les langages de l'humanité (Michel Malherbe), Robert Laffont, Paris 1995 - →ISBN