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Appendix:Persian Swadesh list

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

This is a Swadesh list of words in Persian, compared with definitions in English. It presents the most common terms in modern formal Iranian Persian, excluding both colloquial and highly literary terms.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

List

[edit]
EnglishPersian
فارسی
edit (207)
IPA
(key)
1I (1sg)من (man)/mæn/
2you (2sg)تو (to)/to/
3he, she, it (3sg)او (u)/ˈuː/
4we (1pl)ما ()/mɒː/
5you (2pl)شما (šomâ)/ʃomɒː/
6they (3pl)آنها (ânhâ)/ɒːnˈhɒː/
7thisاین (in)/ˈiːn/
8thatآن (ân)/ɒːn/
9hereاینجا (injâ)/iːndʒɒː/
10thereآنجا (ânjâ)/ɒːndʒɒː/
11whoکی (ki), که (ke)/kiː/, /ke/
12whatچه (če)/tʃe/
13whereکجا (kojâ)/kodʒɒː/
14whenکی (key)/kej/
15howچطور (četowr)/t͡ʃetowɾ/
16notنِـ (ne) (particle), نَـ (na) (particle)/ne/, /næ/
17allهمه (hame)/hæme/
18manyخیلی (xeyli), زیاد (ziyâd)/xejliː/, /zijɒːd/
19someبعضی (ba'zi), چند (čand)/bæʔziː/, /tʃænd/
20fewکمی (kami), اندکی (andaki)/kæmiː/, /'ændækiː/
21otherدیگر (digaɾ)/diːgæɾ/
22oneیک (yek)/jek/
23twoدو (do)/do/
24threeسه (se)/se/
25fourچهار (čhahâr)/tʃæhɒːɾ/
26fiveپنج (panj)/pændʒ/
27bigبزرگ (bozorg)/bozoɾg/
28longدراز (derâz)/deɾɒːz/
29wideوسیع (vasi'), پهن (pahn), فراخ (farâx)/væsiːʔ/, /pæhn/, /fæɾɒːx/
30thickضخیم (zaxim), کلفت (koloft)/zæxiːm/, /koloft/
31heavyسنگین (sangin)/sængiːn/
32smallکوچک (kuček)/kuːtʃek/
33shortکوتاه (kutâh)/kuːtɒːh/
34narrowباریک (bârik)/bɒːɾiːk/
35thinلاغر (lâğar)/lɒːɢæɾ/
36womanزن (zan)/zæn/
37man (adult male)مرد (mard)/mæɾd/
38man (human being)انسان (ensân), آدمی (âdami)/ensɒːn/, /ɒːdæmiː/
39childبچه (bačče), کودک (kudak)/batʃe/, /kuːdæk/
40wifeزن (zan)/zæn/
41husbandشوهر (šowhar)/ʃowhæɾ/
42motherمادر (mâdar)/mɒːdæɾ/
43fatherپدر (pedar)/pedæɾ/
44animalحیوان (heyvân), جانور (jânvar)/hejvɒːn/, /dʒɒːnevæɾ/
45fishماهی (mâhi)/mɒːhiː/
46birdپرنده (parande)/pæɾænde/
47dogسگ (sag)/sæg/
48louseشپش (šepeš)/ʃepeʃ/
49snakeمار (mâr)/mɒːɾ/
50wormکرم (kerm)/keɾm/
51treeدرخت (deraxt)/deɾæxt/
52forestجنگل (jangal)/dʒængæl/
53stickچوب (čub)/tʃuːb/
54fruitمیوه (mive)/miːve/
55seedبذر (bazr), تخم (toxm)/bæzɾ/, /toxm/
56leafبرگ (barg)/bæɾg/
57rootریشه (riše)/ɾiːʃe/
58bark (of a tree)پوست (pust)/puːst/
59flowerگل (gol)/gol/
60grassچمن (čaman), علف ('alaf)/tʃæmæn/, /'ælæf/
61ropeنخ (nax)/næx/
62skinپوست (pust)/puːst/
63meatگوشت (gušt)/guːʃt/
64bloodخون (xun)/xuːn/
65boneاستخوان (ostoxân)/ostoxɒːn/
66fat (noun)چربی (čarbi), پیه (pih)/tʃæɾbiː/, /piːh/
67eggتخم (toxm), خایه (xâye)/toxm/, /xɒːje/
68hornشاخ (šâx)/ʃɒːx/
69tailدم (dom)/dom/
70featherپر (par)/pæɾ/
71hairمو (mu)/muː/
72headسر (sar)/sæɾ/
73earگوش (guš)/guːʃ/
74eyeچشم (češm)/tʃeʃm/
75noseبینی (bini)/biːniː/
76mouthدهان (dahân)/dæhɒːn/
77toothدندان (dandân)/dændɒːn/
78tongue (organ)زبان (zabân)/zæbɒːn/
79fingernailناخن (nâxon)/nɒːxon/
80footپا ()/pɒː/
81legساق (sâq), ران (rân) (thigh)/sɒːɢ/, /ɾɒːn/
82kneeزانو (zânu)/zɒːnuː/
83handدست (dast)/dæst/
84wingبال (bâl)/bɒːl/
85bellyشکم (šekam)/ʃekæm/
86gutsروده (rude), شکنبه (šekanbe), دل (del)/ɾuːde/, /ʃekænbe/, /del/
87neckگردن (gardan)/gæɾdæn/
88backپشت (pošt)/poʃt/
89breastسینه (sine)/siːne/
90heartدل (del), قلب (qalb)/del/, /ɢælb/
91liverجگر (jegar)/dʒegæɾ/
92to drinkنوشیدن (nušidan)/nuːʃiːdæn/
93to eatخوردن (xordan)/xoɾdæn/
94to biteجویدن (javidan)/dʒæviːdæn/
95to suckمکیدن (mekidan)/mekiːdæn/
96to spitتف انداختن (tof andâxtan)/tof ændɒːxtæn/
97to vomitاستفراغ کردن (estefarâğ kardan)/estefæɾɒːɢ kæɾdæn/
98to blowوزیدن (vazidan), دمیدن (damidan)/væziːdæn/, /dæmiːdæn/
99to breatheنفس کشیدن (nafas kešidan)/næfæs keʃiːdæn/
100to laughخندیدن (xandidan)/xændiːdæn/
101to seeدیدن (didan)/diːdæn/
102to hearشنیدن (šenidan)/ʃeniːdæn/
103to knowدانستن (dânestan) (e.g. abilities), شناختن (šenâxtan) (e.g. recognizing people)/dɒːnestæn/, /ʃenɒːxtæn/
104to thinkفکر کردن (fekr kardan)/fekɾ kæɾdæn/
105to smellبوییدن (buyidan)/buːjiːdæn/
106to fearترسیدن (tarsidan)/tæɾsiːdæn/
107to sleepخوابیدن (xâbidan)/xɒːbiːdæn/
108to liveزندگی کردن (zendegi kardan)/zendeɡiː kæɾdæn/
109to dieمردن (mordan)/moɾdæn/
110to killکشتن (koštan)/koʃtæn/
111to fightجنگیدن (jangidan)/d͡ʒænɡiːdæn/
112to huntشکار کردن (šekâr kardan)/ʃekɒːɾ kæɾdæn/
113to hitزدن (zadan)/zædæn/
114to cutبریدن (boridan)/boɾiːdæn/
115to splitشکافتن (šekâftan)/ʃekɒːftæn/
116to stabفرو کردن (foru kardan)/foɾu kæɾdæn/
117to scratchخراشیدن (xarâšidan)/xæɾɒːʃiːdæn/
118to digکندن (kandan)/kændæn/
119to swimشنا کردن (šenâ kardan)/ʃenɒː kæɾdæn/
120to flyپریدن (paridan)/pæɾiːdæn/
121to walkرفتن (raftan), شدن (šodan)/ɾæftæn/, /ʃodæn/
122to comeآمدن (âmadan)/ɒːmædæn/
123to lie (as in a bed)دراز کشیدن (derâz kešidan)/deɾɒːz keʃiːdæn/
124to sitنشستن (nešastan)/neʃæstæn/
125to standایستادن (istâdan)/'iːstɒːdæn/
126to turn (intransitive)گشتن (gaštan)/gæʃtæn/
127to fallافتادن (oftâdan)/oftɒːdæn/
128to giveدادن (dâdan)/dɒːdæn/
129to holdنگه داشتن (negah dâštan)/negæh dɒːʃtæn/
130to squeezeفشردن (fešordan)/feʃordæn/
131to rubمالیدن (mâlidan)/mɒːliːdæn/
132to washشستن (šostan)/ʃostæn/
133to wipeزدودن (zodudan), پاک کردن (pâk kardan)/zoduːdæn/, /pɒːk kæɾdæn/
134to pullکشیدن (kešidan)/keʃiːdæn/
135to pushفشار دادن (fešâr dâdan), هل دادن (hol dâdan)/feʃɒːɾ dɒːdæn/, /hol dɒːdæn/
136to throwانداختن (andâxtan), افکندن (afkandan)/ændɒːxtæn/, /æfkændæn/
137to tieبستن (bastan), گره زدن (gereh zadan)/bæstæn/, /geɾeh zædæn/
138to sewدوختن (duxtan)/duːxtæn/
139to countشمردن (šomordan)/ʃomoɾdæn/
140to sayگفتن (goftan)/goftæn/
141to singخواندن (xândan)/xɒːndæn/
142to playبازی کردن (bâzi kardan), نواختن (navâxtan) (of instruments)/bɒːziː kæɾdæn/, /nævɒːxtæn/
143to floatشناور بودن (šenâvar budan)/ʃenɒːvæɾ budæn/
144to flowجاری بودن (jâri budan)/dʒɒːɾiː budæn/
145to freezeیخ زدن (yax zadan)/jæx zædæn/
146to swellباد کردن (bâd kardan)/bɒːd kæɾdæn/
147sunآفتاب (âftâb), خورشیدن (xoršid)/ɒːftɒːb/, /xoɾʃiːd/
148moonماه (mâh)/mɒːh/
149starستاره (setâre)/setɒːɾe/
150waterآب (âb)/ɒːb/
151rainباران (bârân)/bɒːɾɒːn/
152riverرودخانه (rudxâne), رود (rud)/ɾuːdxɒːne/, /ɾuːd/
153lakeدریاچه (daryâče)/dæɾjɒːtʃe/
154seaدریا (daryâ)/dæɾjɒː/
155saltنمک (namak)/næmæk/
156stoneسنگ (sang)/sæng/
157sandشن (šen), ریگ (rig)/ʃen/, /ɾiːɡ/
158dustگرد (gard)/gæɾd/
159earthزمین (zamin), خاک (xâk)/zæmiːn/, /xɒːk/
160cloudابر (abr)/æbɾ/
161fogمه (meh)/meh/
162skyآسمان (âsmân)/ɒːsmɒːn/
163windباد (bâd)/bɒːd/
164snowبرف (barf)/bæɾf/
165iceیخ (yax)/jæx/
166smokeدود (dud)/duːd/
167fireآتش (âtaš)/ɒːtæʃ/
168ashخاکستر (xâkestar)/xɒːkestæɾ/
169to burnسوختن (suxtan)/suːxtæn/
170roadراه (râh)/ɾɒːh/
171mountainکوه (kuh)/kuːh/
172redسرخ (sorx), قرمز (qermez)/soɾx/, /ɢeɾmez/
173greenسبز (sabz)/sæbz/
174yellowزرد (zard)/zæɾd/
175whiteسفید (sefid)/sefid/
176blackسیاه (siyâh)/siːyɒːh/
177nightشب (šab)/ʃæb/
178dayروز (ruz)/ɾuːz/
179yearسال (sâl)/sɒːl/
180warmگرم (garm)/gæɾm/
181coldسرد (sard)/sæɾd/
182fullپر (por)/poɾ/
183newنو (now), جدید (jadid)/now/, /dʒædiːd/
184oldقدیمی (qadimi) (of things, ideas), پیر (pir) (of age)/ɢædiːmiː/, /piːɾ/
185goodخوب (xub)/xuːb/
186badبد (bad), زشت (zešt)/bæd, /zeʃt/
187rottenفاسد (fâsed), پوسیده (puside)/fɒːsed/, /puːsiːde/
188dirtyکثیف (kasif)/kæsiːf/
189straightراست (râst)/ɾɒːst/
190roundگرد (gerd)/geɾd/
191sharp (as a knife)تیز (tiz)/tiːz/
192dull (as a knife)کند (kond)/kond/
193smoothصاف (sâf)/sɒːf/
194wetتر (tar), نم (nam)/tæɾ/, /næm/
195dryخشک (xošk)/xoʃk/
196correctدرست (dorost), راست (râst)/doɾost/, /ɾɒːst/
197nearنزدیک (nazdik)/næzdiːk/
198farدور (dur)/duːɾ/
199rightراست (râst)/ɾɒːst/
200leftچپ (čap)/tʃæp/
201atبه (be) (closest to English 'to')/be/
202inدر (dar)/dæɾ/
203withبا ()/bɒː/
204andو (o, va)/o~væ/
205ifاگر (agar)/ægæɾ/
206becauseچون (čon)/tʃon/
207nameاسم (esm), نام (nâm)/esm/, /nɒːm/
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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