گشتن

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See also: کشتن and كسبن

Persian

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Etymology

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    From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (gltyt /⁠gardēd⁠/), from Proto-Iranian *gártati (to turn), possibly a merger with *gárati (to turn, wind) and *wártati (to turn), the former being of uncertain origin and the latter from Proto-Indo-European *wert- (to turn).[1] Cognate with Tat gəştən and akin to the Iranian borrowings: Old Armenian վաշտ (vašt), Old Georgian ვაშტი (vašṭi).

    Pronunciation

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    Readings
    Classical reading? gaštan
    Dari reading? gaštan
    Iranian reading? gaštan
    Tajik reading? gaštan

    Verb

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    Dari گشتن
    Iranian Persian
    Tajik гаштан

    گشتن (gaštan) (present stem گرد (gard))

    1. (intransitive) to rotate, turn, revolve, spin (to move around an axis)
      Synonyms: چرخیدن (čarxidan), گردیدن (gardidan)
      به دور خود گشتنbe dowr-e xod gaštanto turn, spin (around)
      زمین به طور مداوم به دور خود می‌گردد.
      zamin be tur-e modâvem be dowr-e xod mi-gardad
      The Earth is constantly spinning.
      زمین یک بار در هر بیست و چهار ساعت به دور خود می‌گردد.
      zamin yek bâr dar har bist-o-čahâr sâ'at be dowr-e xod mi-gardad
      The Earth revolves once every 24 hours.
    2. (intransitive) to spin (to rotate or turn around quickly)
      Synonyms: چرخیدن (čarxidan), گردیدن (gardidan)
      توپ بر روی زمین به دور خود می‌گردد.
      tup bar ru-ye zamin be dowr-e xod mi-gardad
      The ball is spinning on the ground.
    3. (intransitive) to circulate (to move in a circuit, for example blood, air)
      Synonyms: گردیدن (gardidan), در گردش بودن (dar gardeš budan)
      هوا در فضای خانه می‌گردد.
      havâ dar fazâ-ye xâne mi-gardad
      The air is circulating around the house (space).
    4. (intransitive) to circle (to travel in a circle or circles)
      Synonyms: چرخیدن (čarxidan), گردیدن (gardidan)
      پرنده‌ها بالای سرمان می‌گشتند.
      parande-hâ bâlâ-ye saremân mi-gaštand
      The birds were circling above us.
    5. (intransitive) to walk around, have a walk around
      Synonyms: چرخیدن (čarxidan), گردیدن (gardidan)
      بیا برویم بگردیم.biyâ be-ravim be-gardimLet’s go walk around.
      رفتیم بیرون بگردیم.raftim birun be-gardimWe went out to walk around.
    6. to become, to be changed
      • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume II, verse 639:
        هر که سردت کرد میدان کاو در اوست
        دیو پنهان گشته اندر زیر پوست
        har ki sardat kard mē-dān k-ō dar ō-st
        dēw pinhān gašta andar zēr-i pōst.
        Whoever makes you cold (damps your spiritual ardour) know that he (Satan) is in him:
        the Devil has become hidden beneath his skin.
        (Classical Romanization)

    Conjugation

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    Derived terms

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    References

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    1. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “*gart”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 110-111