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Appendix:Swadesh lists for Tibeto-Burman languages of Nepal

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The appendix contains 100-word Swadesh lists for Tibeto-Burman languages of Nepal.

Presentation

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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.

American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.

Sources

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  • Rawati (Raji), Khamci (Raute): Rastogi & Fortier (2005)[1]
    • Note: Rastogi & Fortier (2005) also provide Purbia Raji and Janggali Raute forms.
  • Dura: Schorer (2016: 126-127)[2]
  • Chepang, Baraamu, Thami, Newari: Kansakar, et al. (2011: 220-223)[3]

List

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No. English gloss Rawati (Raji) Khamci (Raute) Dura Chepang Baraamu Thami Newar
1 I naa ngaa ŋi ~ ŋe ŋa ŋa gai ji
2 thou nang naa, nhhang no naŋ naŋ naŋ cʰə, cʰi
3 we naani jammaa ngaa, na, nani ŋyāro ni, ŋi ni ni jʰi:, jipĩ
4 this ai ii ī ʔiʔ yo ka tʰwə
5 that aiyaa he huī ʔowʔ, ʔuwʔ u, to to wə
6 who chuin ‘se; tse, nhhamʔ su su su su su
7 what hu hai, hang hāde doh hai hara cʰu
8 not haa nai, nā (as verb suffix: -re/rai) ma-, ta- (prohibitive) -la, -ma ma- ma- mə-, -mə-
9 all jammaa ~ jammal mwalyae dhāī juda, ʔanə səpəi (< Nep.) sakale pʰukkə, dakkwə
10 many jikkal bo-kani, bo, buoh bhāī ʔa.nə dʰerəi (< Nep.) ahe ye-kwə
11 one daa, ga daa kyau, nām, di- yat de di cʰə-gu
12 two nii ~ nhii nhi jʰim, ŋe- nis nis nis nyi-gu
13 big bai-inaa ghaare kātʰe taŋh-ʔo alam jekʰa tə:dʰə̃:
14 long lang - kānu, remo ~ hreŋo gyaŋ-ʔo alam ələmga tahakə:
15 small ʈuhaa, chui-ce lhhaʔ ācʰirī mi-ʔo ikine ucya cidʰi:, cidʰə:̃
16 woman maʈhialaa umaakhala, umaa misā nom-coʔ mama camaica misa
17 man manjha ba, s'ye; s'yela, māukyaa kalārā, bro goy-coʔ papa mi mijə̃
18 person manca mi: mur; murka, mukala bro manta, coʔ bal mi mənu
19 fish boraa gaah, gap ɖisyā, nāh ~ nāhõ ~ nāhũ ~ nāi ŋaʔ nəŋa naŋa nya
20 bird gidhaa bwaah, buaʔ o waʔ jyali, wa (hen) ḍaŋaṇeŋ, wa (hen) jʰə̃gə:
21 dog kuii kwui nākyu ~ nakyu ~ nakī, koka kuyʔ akya kucu kʰyica
22 louse sira shuhroh syā kras, srəyk kʰat sirik syi
23 tree shiing s'iu; tsiu, shing kepo ~ kemo siŋʔ seŋma seŋ syi-ma
24 seed biye - ʈisro, hulu sayʔ ayu puya pusa
25 leaf huwaah, huwaa-aa, khuaa hwaah, waʔ lyoī, lho lo, mat su/hola aja ləpte, hə:
26 root jadao goy, nyuri (wild yams), dz'ra - rut, goyʔ jəra (< Nep.) nara ha
27 bark siing khallaw thaapa, thakpa - pun bokra (< Nep.) sebu (skin) kʰwəla
28 skin khallyai kiri; kriakaa, kirikyae ke pun cʰala (< Nep.) sebi cʰẽgu
29 flesh (meat) sya s'yaa, yaa, pyaa, s'iu, shiaeʔ syo mayʔ kusya cici la
30 blood khui s'ui, ks'ap hāyu wəyʔ cihwui cwoi, cəi hi
31 bone haɖang haare, haar'm - hrus hoṭ kʰosa kwəẽ
32 grease - ge; gela duccʰu cʰaw ucʰo cʰyəu, cyou da:
33 egg anɖaa bhi; bhibhiya, bhiya odī, onī ʔum wohom, wom ahum, wom kʰẽ:
34 horn sioang sikk'm soglo, sono roŋʔ uyuŋ naru nyeku
35 tail pucheraa muahta, mukyae - meʔ pitik limek nʰipyə̃:
36 feather pakhaa phakaa, pwohx phya meʔ, pʰeh pwãkʰ (< Nep.) - pəpu
37 hair haamuu rung kra myaŋ syam sam sə̃:
38 head gaɽaa garaah, g'rhha padʰe ta.laŋ kəpu kapu cʰyə̃:
39 ear ghunaa, hunaa gunaah naya, muni, rānu no kuna kunla nʰaepə̃
40 eye mhiike, niike mikaah; mhiiga mi mik mik mesek mikʰa
41 nose shinaa ‘sinaah, shinga nu neh cina ciŋa nʰae
42 mouth khaaber chyu(re), mu māsi, sũ hmo.toŋ anam ugo mʰutu
43 tooth daaɽo s'wāah, tshwa sa ~ se syək, səyk swa suwa wa
44 tongue jibaiɽo laale, muuhm, mhhwOm li le cele cile mye
45 fingernail nhiang leehm, lhhel se sən luŋjiŋ, ləgjuŋ pin lusyi
46 foot bhaa, panjaa bhaah sepe dom unjik konṭe, ulaŋ tuti
47 knee puhai phukh, gaʈho - kryoŋ gʰũḍa (< Nep.) pokolek puli
48 hand hakai aakhaa kuru krut hit lak lʰa:
49 belly (stomach) laado guduu, gudong, photo ('entrails') kyu tuk uyaŋ baŋkal, guŋguŋ pwa:
50 neck gardhan manto, m'nthu, ghaature kʰalī, po ~ põ kəyk gʰãṭi (< Nep.) kaṇṭu gəpə:
51 breast cucca susi nāmlo ʔoh nənu nunu duru-pwə
52 heart - paatii, mutu māu hluŋ muṭu loŋsek nugə
53 liver mulyaa kharabdaah, bara ciŋ sinh kəlejo (< Nep.) - syẽ
54 drink tung jhum, jaaya, hum, ti-I, tì kiu- tuŋʔ-na syaŋ-go tun-sa twəne, twənə
55 eat jaako, jale, jaa-aa jaa; jaaku; jaaya, ka; kaare co- jeʔ-na ca-go cya-sa nələ, nəye
56 bite kai ka; kaiyaa, k'I - ŋawh-na aŋak-ko cek-sa nyatə, wã nyaye
57 see guhe bigaap, bighhae do- ~ dõ-, mātā- yo-na, cewʔ-na ayo-go, ni-go yo-sa kʰənə, kʰəne
58 hear huung-ye guno, gunaare tās-, tāu-, tānu- sayʔ-na səi-go na-sai-sa talə, taye
59 know dahau - syo- ci-na ra-go, cigo sai-sa silə, syiye
60 sleep iishe s'ii; s'iyaah, seh, kwih tānu- ʔenʔ-sa nu-go ammi-sa denə, dene
61 die shiiya s'i; s'iya si- si-sa si-go si-sa sitə, syie
62 kill haate-ko ath-oh sā-, kāne-, kāde sat-sa sat-ko sat-sa syatə, syae
63 swim raa pe kha-buwa, bou-kha-buwa, bowti - laʔ-na, kwelh-na pəuri bəne-go (< Nep.) lampasa lalkalə/kaye
64 fly bo bwaah (n.?), pharaei (v.?) ŋyau, hāsu- syuŋ-na uble-go per-sa bwələ, bwəye
65 walk - hwaa-I, khwa so- wah-na jyo-go, ya-go (go) cawa-sa, ajyaca nya:se, wənə, wəye
66 come biir/hi-ir bi; biye, bi-e, pi-ye hro waŋ-na hyuŋcelgo kelet-sa wələ, jʰalə
67 lie jhuʈi-haa-syaa lat (lie down) - ʔenʔ-na na-go ami-sa mu:pulə,
68 sit khuung yaa sweh, sweh guni; aysapha, dzuye huni- cuŋʔ-na huk-ko hok-sa dilə, pʰetuye
69 stand yeki phuyo; phayaah, phuyu decʰe- ciŋ-na ṭʰiŋ-go tʰeŋ-sa dənə, dane
70 give bai-y, baiko nyaa; bayaa, khaalu hyo- bəyʔ-na, hla-na pi-go pi-sa bila, biye
71 say neko khaama (to speak); thi-i, shi dhaami cʰi- dayh-na da-go ŋa-sa, isdu dʰalə, dʰaye
72 sun diiho bel, berh, dhāmu mamī nyam uni uni surdyə:
73 moon dunnaa jhyunna, bair, berh (not exact terms for moon, not comp.) tālā lah cəlauni cəlauni timla
74 star taaraa tui-tui -so (in compound) kar tara (< Nep.) ucʰi nəu, nəgu
75 water tii, chi tsi ti ~ ʈi tiʔ awa paŋku lə:
76 rain barkhaa s'gyae, tii-i ti ~ ʈi tiʔ, waʔ-ʔo aŋmət yudu wa
77 stone - - thũ ~ tũ, kāno ~ kānu baŋ kumba lyuŋ, liŋ lwəhã
78 sand ballyaa bolyaa - - - - pʰi
79 earth dexa desha [< Nepali], samsar kācʰo, cʰuu saʔ nəsa nasa ca
80 cloud diiho dewaah, dewaʔ - mus amu kʰasu supãe
81 smoke - dhukaāh, dhuma ma-kʰu hmeʔ-ku isku asku kũ
82 fire bhåoy / mhai mhe:h, muhèi mi hmeʔ mui me mi
83 ash dhuli kuhli, duhri, dhulo ma-pʰu hmeʔ-mut mau tarba nəu
84 burn lung (vi.) - bani- jʰəm-na jo-go jyou-sa cyatə, cyaye
85 path yong yaun-khyaa-nu, yung lāutʰyo lyam uŋma ulam lã
86 mountain biʈʈaa; dhaɽe (peak) manam (hill); malam, kheɖ' lgẽwarapʰa [sic] pa.har pahaḍ cyuri (top) pahar
87 red ʈulhariyaa tui, sha cʰāblī du-ʔo pʰəya keret hyãũ
88 green hariyo / hariya hwaa (dark green - gagina), kamaiyo, k'm'iu - pli-ʔo həriyo (< Nep.) - wãũ
89 yellow pero, piilè byaalo, hwi-byelo, p'rhho kẽlo yar-ʔo keuwo melu mʰasu
90 white dhaurya dhyaulyaa, dhyaurya, dhauɽia, ghouraya bintʰā bʰam-ʔo gyabo ubo tuyu:
91 black tuknahaa tokaanye, namaro keplo gal-ʔo ciliŋ kiji haku
92 night gaire gadhir yāku ya. ʔdiŋ rat (< Nep.) ṭa canʰəe, ca
93 hot gamma [< IA] chunu, ghohnohw - dʰah-ʔo gyodum adum kwa:
94 cold ʈhanɖa [< IA] jungha, dzung cʰiũ nik-ʔo ciso (< Nep.) ajik kʰwaũ
95 full bharata jimai (filled), bwohb ʈʰyāmmay bliŋ-ʔo kipoŋ ir-ir ja:
96 new nong niu, nhu; n'u kācʰā rəw-ʔo kaui naka nʰu:
97 good nhikah namar (person), lagalo cʰyāu- (v), cʰāblī (also ‘red’) pe-ʔo kisen apraca bʰĩ:
98 round baʈulo - burluŋ luŋ-o, gore golo (< Nep.) kurliŋ gwəlla:
99 dry kaarau we (vi.) karaao - sot-ʔo kyoksi areŋ, gaŋdu gə̃gu
100 name naam miĩhga rāmī məyŋ umin name nã

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Rastogi, Kavita and Jana Fortier. 2005. Daa, Nii, Sum/Khung: Comparative Vocabulary of the West-Central Himalayan Languages Rawati (Raji) and Khamci (Raute). Indian Linguistics 66: 105-115.
  2. ^ Schorer, Nicolas. 2016. The Dura Language: Grammar and Phylogeny. Leiden: Brill.
  3. ^ Kansakar, Tej Ratna; Yogendra Prasad Yadava; Krishna Prasad Chalise; Balaram Prasain; Dubi Nanda Dhakal; Krishna Paudel. 2011. A sociolinguistic study of the Baram language. Himalayan Linguistics 10: 187-225.
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
(edit this template)
Vocabulary lists of Southeast Asian languages
Sino-Tibetan

p-Tibeto-Burman • Old Chinese (basic) • p-Southern Min • Macro-Bai • p-Tujia • p-Naish • p-Ersuic • Guiqiong • Horpa • p-Lolo-Burmese • p-Lalo • Lalo • Akha • Woni • Axi • Nesu • Yi (Mihei) • Kathu • Gong • p-Karenic • p-Luish • p-Bodo-Garo • Kuki-Chin • Suansu • Jejara • Mru • p-W. Tibetan • Tibetan (Lajiao) • Amdo Tibetan • Zakhring • Tshangla • Kho-Bwa • Mey • p-Puroik • p-Hrusish • Koro • Greater Siangic • Raji-Raute • Dhimalish • Baram-Thangmi • Bhujel • p-Kham • Dura • Bunan • (Nepal)

Austroasiatic

p-Austroasiatic (Swadesh) • p-Munda • p-Khasian • p-Palaungic • Quang Lam • p-Khmuic • p-Pakanic • p-Vietic • p-Katuic • p-Bahnaric • p-Pearic • p-Khmeric • p-Monic • p-Aslian • p-Nicobarese

Hmong-Mien

p-Hmong-Mien • Hmong-Mien • p-Hmongic • Pa-Hng • Xong • Pana • She • p-Mienic • Mienic • Mien (Gongcheng) • Biao Min (Shikou)

Kra-Dai

p-Kra-Dai • p-Kra • Laha • Qabiao • Gelao • p-Kam-Sui • Kam-Sui (Hunan) • p-Lakkia • Biao • p-Tai • Zhuang (Tiandeng) • Bouyei • p-Be • Jizhao • p-Hlai • Jiamao

Austronesian

p-Austronesian

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