Appendix:Gan Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Gan, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation
[edit]- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List
[edit]| No. | English | Gan 贛語 |
IPA pronunciation |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | 我 | ŋo |
| 2 | you (singular) | 汝 | n̩ |
| 3 | he | 渠 | t͡ɕiɛ |
| 4 | we | 我俚 | ŋo li |
| 5 | you (plural) | 汝俚 | n̩ li |
| 6 | they | 渠俚 | t͡ɕiɛ li |
| 7 | this | 箇 | ko |
| 8 | that | 許 | he |
| 9 | here | 箇首 | ko ɕiu |
| 10 | there | 許首 | he ɕiu |
| 11 | who | 何個 | ho ko |
| 12 | what | 什哩 | ɕi li |
| 13 | where | 何首 | ho ɕiu |
| 14 | when | 幾時 | t͡ɕi sz̩ |
| 15 | how | 啷 | lɔŋ |
| 16 | not | 不, 冇, 莫 | put, mau, mok |
| 17 | all | 齊, 攏共 | t͡ɕʰi, luŋ kʰuŋ |
| 18 | many | 蠻多 | man to |
| 19 | some | 隻把子 | t͡sak pa t͡sz̩ |
| 20 | few | 滴滴子 | tiak tiak t͡sz̩ |
| 21 | other | 別嗰 | pʰiɛt ko |
| 22 | one | 一 | it |
| 23 | two | 二 | o |
| 24 | three | 三 | san |
| 25 | four | 四 | sz̩ |
| 26 | five | 五 | ŋ̍ |
| 27 | big | 大 | tʰai |
| 28 | long | 莽 | maŋ |
| 29 | wide | 闊 | kʰuot |
| 30 | thick | 厚 | hɛu |
| 31 | heavy | 重 | t͡sʰuŋ |
| 32 | small | 細 | ɕi |
| 33 | short | 短 | ton |
| 34 | narrow | 狹 | hat |
| 35 | thin | 薄 | pʰok |
| 36 | woman | 女客 | ɳi kʰak |
| 37 | man (male) | 男客 | lan kʰak |
| 38 | man (human) | 人 | ɳin |
| 39 | child | 細鬼 | ɕi kui |
| 40 | wife | 老婆 | lau pʰo |
| 41 | husband | 老公 | lau kuŋ |
| 42 | mother | 娘 | ɳiɔŋ |
| 43 | father | 爺 | ia |
| 44 | animal | 頭牲 | tʰɛu saŋ |
| 45 | fish | 魚 | ɳiɛ |
| 46 | bird | 雀子 | t͡ɕʰiok t͡sz̩ |
| 47 | dog | 狗 | kiɛu |
| 48 | louse | 蝨 | sɛt |
| 49 | snake | 蛇 | sa |
| 50 | worm | 蟲蟻子 | t͡sʰuŋ ɳi t͡sz̩ |
| 51 | tree | 樹 | su |
| 52 | forest | 林子 | lin t͡sz̩ |
| 53 | stick | 樹杪子 | su miɛu t͡sz̩ |
| 54 | fruit | 果子 | kuo t͡sz̩ |
| 55 | seed | 種子 | t͡suŋ t͡sz̩ |
| 56 | leaf | 葉子, 箬 | iɛt t͡sz̩, iok |
| 57 | root | 蔸 | tɛu |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 樹皮 | su pʰi |
| 59 | flower | 花 | fa |
| 60 | grass | 草 | t͡sʰau |
| 61 | rope | 繩子, 索 | sz̩n t͡sz̩, sok |
| 62 | skin | 皮 | pʰi |
| 63 | meat | 肉 | ɳiuk |
| 64 | blood | 血, 衁 | ɕiot, uɔŋ |
| 65 | bone | 骨頭 | kut tʰɛu |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 肥肉 | fi ɳiuk |
| 67 | egg | 蛋 | tʰan |
| 68 | horn | 角 | kok |
| 69 | tail | 尾 | mi |
| 70 | feather | 雀子毛 | t͡ɕʰiok t͡sz̩ mau |
| 71 | hair | 頭髮 | tʰɛu fat |
| 72 | head | 腦殼 | lau kʰok |
| 73 | ear | 耳刀 | o tau |
| 74 | eye | 眼 | ŋan |
| 75 | nose | 鼻公 | pʰit kuŋ |
| 76 | mouth | 口 | kʰiɛu |
| 77 | tooth | 牙 | ŋa |
| 78 | tongue | 舌頭, 招財 | sɛt tʰɛu, t͡sɛu t͡sʰai |
| 79 | fingernail | 指甲子 | t͡ɕiɛt kat t͡sz̩ |
| 80 | foot | 腳股 | t͡ɕiok ku |
| 81 | leg | 腳髈骨 | t͡ɕiok pʰaŋ kut |
| 82 | knee | 髂膝 | kʰiɛt sɛt |
| 83 | hand | 手 | ɕiu |
| 84 | wing | 翼膀, 翅胛 | iɛk pɔŋ, t͡sʰz̩ kat |
| 85 | belly | 肚哩 | tʰu li |
| 86 | guts | 腸 | t͡sʰɔŋ |
| 87 | neck | 頸 | t͡ɕiaŋ |
| 88 | back | 背脊 | pi t͡ɕiak |
| 89 | breast | 胸脯 | ɕiuŋ pʰu |
| 90 | heart | 心 | ɕin |
| 91 | liver | 肝 | kon |
| 92 | to drink | 喫 | t͡ɕʰiak |
| 93 | to eat | 喫 | t͡ɕʰiak |
| 94 | to bite | 齰 | tɛ |
| 95 | to suck | 㗱 | t͡ɕit |
| 96 | to spit | 呸 | pʰui |
| 97 | to vomit | 嘔 | ŋiɛu |
| 98 | to blow | 吹 | t͡sʰui |
| 99 | to breathe | 敨氣 | tʰɛu t͡ɕʰi |
| 100 | to laugh | 笑 | ɕiɛu |
| 101 | to see | 望 | mɔŋ |
| 102 | to hear | 聽 | tʰiaŋ |
| 103 | to know | 曉得 | ɕiɛu tɛt |
| 104 | to think | 想 | ɕiɔŋ |
| 105 | to smell | 嗅 | ɕiuŋ |
| 106 | to fear | 怫 | fɔt |
| 107 | to sleep | 睏 | kʰun |
| 108 | to live | 活 | uot |
| 109 | to die | 死 | sz̩ |
| 110 | to kill | 殺 | sat |
| 111 | to fight | 挭仗 | kaŋ t͡sɔŋ |
| 112 | to hunt | 打 | ta |
| 113 | to hit | 搕 | kʰok |
| 114 | to cut | 鋸 | kiɛ |
| 115 | to split | 坼 | t͡sʰak |
| 116 | to stab | 厾 | tuk |
| 117 | to scratch | 搲 | ua |
| 118 | to dig | 𠞭 | lɛu |
| 119 | to swim | 頑水 | uan sui |
| 120 | to fly | 飛 | fi |
| 121 | to walk | 行, 走 | haŋ, t͡sɛu |
| 122 | to come | 來 | lai |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 睏 | kʰun |
| 124 | to sit | 坐 | t͡sʰo |
| 125 | to stand | 徛 | t͡ɕʰi |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 兜 | tɛu |
| 127 | to fall | 跌 | tiɛt |
| 128 | to give | 搦 | lak |
| 129 | to hold | 掯 | kʰiɛn |
| 130 | to squeeze | 捩 | liɛt |
| 131 | to rub | 捼 | lo |
| 132 | to wash | 洗 | ɕi |
| 133 | to wipe | 抹 | mot |
| 134 | to pull | 擆 | tɛ |
| 135 | to push | 㩳 | suŋ |
| 136 | to throw | 掟 | tiaŋ |
| 137 | to tie | 緹 | tʰiak |
| 138 | to sew | 縺 | liɛn |
| 139 | to count | 數 | su |
| 140 | to say | 話 | ua |
| 141 | to sing | 唱 | t͡sʰɔŋ |
| 142 | to play | 𩑃 | n̠ʲiɛk |
| 143 | to float | 泡 | pʰau |
| 144 | to flow | 流 | liu |
| 145 | to freeze | 淩 | lɛn |
| 146 | to swell | 膨 | ɕiuŋ |
| 147 | sun | 日頭 | ɳit tʰɛu |
| 148 | moon | 月光 | ɳiot kuɔŋ |
| 149 | star | 星子 | ɕiaŋ t͡sz̩ |
| 150 | water | 水 | sui |
| 151 | rain | 雨 | i |
| 152 | river | 河 | ho |
| 153 | lake | 湖 | u |
| 154 | sea | 海 | hai |
| 155 | salt | 鹽 | iɛn |
| 156 | stone | 石 | sak |
| 157 | sand | 沙 | sa |
| 158 | dust | 灰 | fi |
| 159 | earth | 地 | tʰi |
| 160 | cloud | 雲 | in |
| 161 | fog | 霧 | u |
| 162 | sky | 天 | tʰiɛn |
| 163 | wind | 風 | fuŋ |
| 164 | snow | 雪 | ɕiot |
| 165 | ice | 冰 | pin |
| 166 | smoke | 煙 | iɛn |
| 167 | fire | 火 | fo |
| 168 | ash | 灰 | fi |
| 169 | to burn | 燎 | liɛu |
| 170 | road | 路 | lu |
| 171 | mountain | 山 | san |
| 172 | red | 紅 | fuŋ |
| 173 | green | 綠 | liuk |
| 174 | yellow | 黃 | uɔŋ |
| 175 | white | 白 | pʰak |
| 176 | black | 烏 | u |
| 177 | night | 夜裡 | ia li |
| 178 | day | 日上 | ɳit sɔŋ |
| 179 | year | 年 | ɳiɛn |
| 180 | warm | 熱和 | lɛt fo |
| 181 | cold | 寒, 冷 | hon, laŋ |
| 182 | full | 滿 | mon |
| 183 | new | 新 | ɕin |
| 184 | old | 舊 | t͡ɕʰiu |
| 185 | good | 靚 | t͡ɕiɛn |
| 186 | bad | 萬 | uan |
| 187 | rotten | 餲爛 | ŋok lan |
| 188 | dirty | 厊厏 | ŋa t͡sa |
| 189 | straight | 筆直 | pit t͡sʰz̩t |
| 190 | round | 圞圓 | lo yon |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 飛快 | fi kʰuai |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 寡淡 | kuat tʰan |
| 193 | smooth | 噠滑 | tat uat |
| 194 | wet | 辣濕 | lat sz̩t |
| 195 | dry | 燋乾 | t͡ɕiɛu kon |
| 196 | correct | 對頭 | tui tʰɛu |
| 197 | near | 團近 | tʰon t͡ɕʰin |
| 198 | far | 老遠 | lau yon |
| 199 | right | 右首 | iu ɕiu |
| 200 | left | 左首 | t͡so ɕiu |
| 201 | at | 到, 在 | tau, t͡sʰɛ |
| 202 | in | 裡首 | li ɕiu |
| 203 | with | 同到 | tʰuŋ tau |
| 204 | and | 跟 | kiɛn |
| 205 | if | 要係 | iɛu ɕi |
| 206 | because | 因為 | in ui |
| 207 | name | 名 | miaŋ |
- Pronunciation :
The pronunciation shown is the standard pronunciation in Nanchang. Depending on the speakers and the area, the actual pronunciation may differ, more or less significantly, from the shown pronunciation.