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From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: , , and 𡕒
U+5E74, 年
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E74

[U+5E73]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5E75]
U+F98E, 年
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F98E

[U+F98D]
CJK Compatibility Ideographs
[U+F98F]

Translingual

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Stroke order
6 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 51, +3, 6 strokes, cangjie input 人手 (OQ), four-corner 80500, composition 𠂉 or or )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 340, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9168
  • Dae Jaweon: page 648, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 37, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+5E74

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Glyph origin

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In the oracle bone script and early bronze inscriptions, it was originally , an ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) and phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *niːŋ) : semantic (wheat; grain) + phonetic (OC *njin, person) – a person carrying wheat on his back – harvest. In bronze inscriptions after the Western Zhou period, a stroke was often added to to give (OC *sn̥ʰiːn), which still acted as a phonetic component, thus getting ().

The current form is inherited from the clerical script, where libian (隸變) has occurred. See also , in which a person is carrying a bag.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-ni(ː)ŋ ~ s-nik (year).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • ning2 - vernacular;
  • neng2 - literary.
Note:
  • nî - vernacular;
  • liân - literary.
Note: hin5 - Chaoyang (in some compounds).
    • (Leizhou)
      • Leizhou Pinyin: hi5 / nieng5
      • Sinological IPA: /hi²²/, /nieŋ²²/
Note:
  • hi5 - vernacular;
  • nieng5 - literary.

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location
Mandarin Beijing /nian³⁵/
Harbin /nian²⁴/
Tianjin /nian⁴⁵/
Jinan /ȵiã⁴²/
Qingdao /niã⁴²/
Zhengzhou /nian⁴²/
Xi'an /niã²⁴/
Xining /ȵiã²⁴/
Yinchuan /nian⁵³/
Lanzhou /ȵiɛ̃n⁵³/
Ürümqi /ȵian⁵¹/
Wuhan /niɛn²¹³/
Chengdu /ȵian³¹/
Guiyang /nian²¹/
Kunming /niɛ̃³¹/
Nanjing /lien²⁴/
Hefei /liĩ⁵⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /nie¹¹/
Pingyao /ȵie̞¹³/
Hohhot /nie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /ȵi²³/
Suzhou /ȵiɪ¹³/
Hangzhou /ȵiẽ̞²¹³/
Wenzhou /ȵi³¹/
Hui Shexian /ne⁴⁴/
Tunxi /ȵiɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang Changsha /ȵiẽ¹³/
Xiangtan /ȵiẽ¹²/
Gan Nanchang /ȵiɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /ŋian¹¹/
Taoyuan /ŋien¹¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /nin²¹/
Nanning /nin²¹/
Hong Kong /nin²¹/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /lian³⁵/
/ni³⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /nieŋ⁵³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /niŋ³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /nĩ⁵⁵/
Haikou (Hainanese) /nin³¹/
/hi³¹/

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (8)
Final () (85)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () IV
Fanqie
Baxter nen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/nen/
Pan
Wuyun
/nen/
Shao
Rongfen
/nɛn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/nɛn/
Li
Rong
/nen/
Wang
Li
/nien/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/nien/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
nián
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
nin4
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
nián
Middle
Chinese
‹ nen ›
Old
Chinese
/*C.nˁi[ŋ]/
English harvest; year

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 9482
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*niːŋ/
Notes

Definitions

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  1. year (in generic contexts)
      ―  míngnián  ―  next year
    2012  ―  2012 nián  ―  the year of 2012
  2. harvest
      ―  fēngnián  ―  year with a good harvest
  3. annual
      ―  niánbào  ―  annual report
  4. age
    滿二十二十  ―  nián mǎn èrshí  ―  to reach twenty years of age
    益壽益寿  ―  yánniányìshòu  ―  to prolong life
  5. period of life
      ―  tóngnián  ―  childhood
  6. period (in history)
    清朝  ―  Qīngcháo mònián  ―  last years of the Qing dynasty
  7. Chinese New Year
      ―  guònián  ―  to spend the Chinese New Year
  8. things for the Chinese New Year
      ―  niángāo  ―  nian gao
      ―  niánhuò  ―  New Year purchases
  9. Classifier for years.
    [Cantonese]  ―  loeng5 nin4 cin4 [Jyutping]  ―  two years ago
  10. a surname
      ―  Nián Gēngyáo  ―  Nian Gengyao

Usage notes

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  • Although is the generic term for year, years of age are typically expressed in (suì), a separate system based on the duodecennial orbital period of Jupiter. Ages in (suì) are traditionally reckoned using the Chinese lunar calendar, beginning with 1 at the moment of birth and increasing not during birthdays but at the Chinese New Year.

See also

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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: (ねん) (nen)
  • Korean: 년(年) (nyeon)
  • Vietnamese: niên ()

Others:

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
ねん
Grade: 1
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese (nen, year). Compare modern Mandarin reading nián, Hakka ngièn, Cantonese nin4.

Pronunciation

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Counter

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(ねん) (-nen

  1. years
Derived terms
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Japanese number-counter combinations for (ねん) (nen)
1 2 3 4 5
(いち)(ねん) (ichinen) ()(ねん) (ninen) (さん)(ねん) (sannen) ()(ねん) (yonen) ()(ねん) (gonen)
6 7 8 9 10
(ろく)(ねん) (rokunen) (なな)(ねん) (nananen)
(しち)(ねん) (shichinen)
(はち)(ねん) (hachinen) (きゅう)(ねん) (kyūnen) (じゅう)(ねん) (jūnen)
100 1,000 10,000 How many?
What year?
(ひゃく)(ねん) (hyakunen) (せん)(ねん) (sennen) (いち)(まん)(ねん) (ichimannen) (なん)(ねん) (nannen)

Noun

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(ねん) (nen

  1. a year
    (ねん)(いち)()
    nen ni ichido
    once a year

Suffix

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(ねん) (-nen

  1. a grade, a school year
    (かれ)(ちゅう)(がく) ()(ねん)だ。
    Kare wa chūgaku ni-nen da.
    He's in the second year in junior high school.
    • 1984 February 15, Motoka Murakami, “(いち)(ねん)(いち)(くみ)()()()(らん)()(まき) [Class-1 Freshmen, Musashi and Ranko]”, in ()()()(けん) [Musashi’s Sword], volume 13 (fiction), Tokyo: Shogakukan, →ISBN, pages 142–144:
      な、なんだおまえら⁉
      Na, nan da o-maera⁉
      Wh-Who the hell are you!?
      (いち)(ねん) (いち)(くみ)っ‼ (なつ)()()()()ぃ‼
      Ichi-nen ichi-kumi'‼ Natsuki Musashī‼
      Class-1 freshman!! Musashi Natsuki!!
      (おな)じく(とどろき)(らん)()
      Onajiku Todoroki Ranko!
      Same here, Ranko Todoroki!
  2. a year
    2008(にせんはち)(ねん)(はし)(けん)(せつ)(はじ)めるようだ。
    Nisenhachi-nen ni hashi o kensetsu shi hajimeru yō da.
    It seems like they will start constructing the bridge in (the year) 2008.

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
とし
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
とし
[noun] (obsolete) grain, particularly rice
[noun] (obsolete) a grain harvest, a grain crop
[noun] a year
[noun] age
[noun] (specifically) used to describe the age of someone who should not do things inappropriate for their age
Alternative spelling
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
とせ
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
とせ
[suffix] (obsolete) used to count years
とせトセ
[proper noun] a unisex given name
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese (MC nen).

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun (hae nyeon), word-initial (South Korea) (hae yeon))

  1. hanja form? of [[/#Korean:_年|/]] (year)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: niên[1][2][3]
: Nôm readings: năm[1][2][3][4], nên[1][2][3], niên[1][2][4], niền[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of niên (year).
  2. Nôm form of năm (year).

Compounds

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References

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