Wiktionary:About Chinese/Hakka
Wiktionary currently supports pronunciation in 4 major dialects of Hakka:
- Sixian dialect: Pha̍k-fa-sṳ (PFS);
- Hailu dialect: Hakka Romanization System (HRS); and
- Meixian dialect: Guangdong Romanization (GD).
- Hong Kong dialect: 客家話通用拼音方案 (LCF: Lau Chun-Fat).
See Module:hak-pron for the code.
Initials
[edit]| PFS | HRS | GD | Hagfa Pinyim |
HT | LCF | IPA | Examples | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N. Sixian | S. Sixian | Meixian | Hong Kong | ||||||||
| p | b | [p] | 巴包本 | ||||||||
| b | bb | [b] | |||||||||
| ph | p | [pʰ] | 爬病片 | ||||||||
| m | [m] | 馬毛門 | |||||||||
| f | [f] | 花方湖 | |||||||||
| v | [v ~ ʋ] | 完歪烏 | |||||||||
| t | d | [t] | 打鳥白短 | ||||||||
| th | t | [tʰ] | 斷他田 | ||||||||
| n | [n] | 拿內農 | |||||||||
| l | [l] | 來連力 | |||||||||
| k | g | [k] | 加高瓜 | ||||||||
| k(i) | g(i) | [k] | [c] | [k] | 佢間雞 | ||||||
| kh | k | [kʰ] | 㧡確快 | ||||||||
| kh(i) | k(i) | [kʰ] | [cʰ] | [kʰ] | 其茄牽 | ||||||
| ng | [ŋ] | 𠊎牙外 | |||||||||
| ng(i) | [ɲ] | 人年月 | |||||||||
| h | [h] | 客後海 | |||||||||
| h(i) | [h] | [ç] | [h] | 希血現 | |||||||
| ch | z | [t͡s] | 渣紙做 | ||||||||
| ch(i) | j | [t͡ɕ] | 靚祭酒 | ||||||||
| ch | zh | [t͡ʃ] | |||||||||
| chh | c | [t͡sʰ] | 叉菜深 | ||||||||
| chh(i) | q | [t͡ɕʰ] | 取前秋 | ||||||||
| chh | ch | [t͡ʃʰ] | |||||||||
| s | [s] | 蛇生水 | |||||||||
| s(i) | x | [ɕ] | 西先心 | ||||||||
| s | sh | [ʃ] | 西先心 | ||||||||
| j(i) | rh | [ʒ] | |||||||||
| y(i) | -(i) ~ r(i) | y(i) | ∅ | ∅ ~ [j] | ∅ | [j] | 一圓有 | The i is omitted in PFS, GD and Hagfa Pinyim if not followed by another vowel. | |||
Finals
[edit]| PFS | HRS | GD | Hagfa
Pinyim |
LCF | IPA | Examples | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N. Sixian | S. Sixian | Meixian | Hong Kong | |||||||
| ṳ | ii | i | - | /ɨ/, /z̩/ | - | 紫遲時 | Only with initials [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s] | |||
| i | /i/ | 杯知佢 | Only with initials other than [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s] | |||||||
| u | /u/ | 布都古 | ||||||||
| a | /a/ | 巴他家 | ||||||||
| ia | /ia/ | 謝寫爺 | ||||||||
| oa | ua | - | /ua/ | - | 瓜掛誇 | |||||
| e | ê | e | /e/ | 個仔倈～洗 | ||||||
| ie | iê | ie | - | /ie/ | - | 街北契四厥梅：～個 | ||||
| oe | ue | uê | ue | - | /ue/ | - | □狀聲詞 | |||
| o | /o/ | ɔ | 多火好四 | |||||||
| io | /io/ | iɔ | 茄靴唷 | |||||||
| - | uo | - | - | /uo/ | - | 果過 | Merged with /o/ in Sixian | |||
| m | /m̩/ | 毋～係 | ||||||||
| n | /n̩/ | 你嗯 | ||||||||
| ng | - | ng | /ŋ̍/ | - | /ŋ̍/ | 魚五吳 | Merged with /n̩/ in Meixian | |||
| ai | /ai/ | 災拜猜 | ||||||||
| iai | - | - | /iai/ | - | 解介界 | Merged with /ie/ in N. Sixian | ||||
| oai | uai | - | /uai/ | - | 乖快怪 | |||||
| oi | /oi/ | ɔi | 愛會背 | |||||||
| ioi | - | ioi | /ioi/ | - | iɔi | 𤸁 | Merged with /oi/ in Meixian | |||
| ui | /ui/ | 內危水 | ||||||||
| iui | /iui/ | 銳睿 | ||||||||
| au | /au/ | 包燒梅好梅 | ||||||||
| iau | /iau/ | 枵曉表梅 | ||||||||
| eu | êu | eu | /eu/ | ɛu | 兜燒四表四 | |||||
| iu | /iu/ | 有九酒 | ||||||||
| ṳm | iim | em | im | - | /ɨm/ | /əm/ | - | 針深甚 | Only with initials [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s] | |
| im | /im/ | 音心林 | Only with initials other than [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s] | |||||||
| am | /am/ | 暗凡擔 | ||||||||
| iam | /iam/ | 炎點欠 | ||||||||
| em | êm | em | /em/ | ɛm | 含砧岑 | |||||
| ṳn | iin | en | in | - | /ɨn/ | /ən/ | - | 真陳神 | Only with initials [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s] | |
| in | /in/ | 因新停 | Only with initials other than [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s] | |||||||
| an | /an/ | 閒完蘭 | ||||||||
| ian | - | - | /ian/ | - | 見現圓 | Merged with /ien/ in N. Sixian; only with initials /k/, /kʰ/, /ŋ/, /h/ | ||||
| oan | uan | - | /uan/ | - | 關款慣 | |||||
| en | ên | en | /en/ | ɛn | 恩朋能 | |||||
| ien | iên | ian | ien | /ien/ | iɛn | 千田圓北 | Usually only with initials other than /k/, /kʰ/, /ŋ/, /h/ in S. Sixian and Meixian | |||
| oen | uen | uên | uen | - | /uen/ | - | 耿炯 | |||
| on | /on/ | ɔn | 安卵斷 | |||||||
| ion | /ion/ | iɔn | 軟吮全四 | |||||||
| - | uon | - | - | /uon/ | - | 官觀罐 | Merged with /on/ in Sixian | |||
| un | /un/ | 本滾門 | ||||||||
| iun | /iun/ | 雲勤近 | ||||||||
| ang | /aŋ/ | 罌行正白 | ||||||||
| iang | /iaŋ/ | 營驚平白 | ||||||||
| oang | uang | - | /uaŋ/ | - | 梗莖桱 | |||||
| ong | /oŋ/ | ɔŋ | 王湯上 | |||||||
| iong | /ioŋ/ | iɔŋ | 羊亮網 | |||||||
| - | uong | - | - | /uoŋ/ | - | 光廣狂 | Merged with /oŋ/ in Sixian | |||
| ung | /uŋ/ | 中公東 | ||||||||
| iung | /iuŋ/ | 用龍頌 | ||||||||
| ṳp | iib | eb | ib | - | /ɨp̚/ | /əp̚/ | - | 汁十濕 | Only with initials [t͡s], [s] | |
| ip | ib | ip | /ip̚/ | 邑立入 | Only with initials other than [t͡s], [s] | |||||
| ap | ab | ap | /ap̚/ | 鴨法答 | ||||||
| iap | iab | iap | /iap̚/ | 葉接貼 | ||||||
| ep | eb | êb | eb | ep | /ep̚/ | ɛp | 澀撮一～鹽圾 | |||
| ṳt | iid | ed | id | - | /ɨt̚/ | /ət̚/ | - | 質姪食 | Only with initials [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s] | |
| it | id | it | /it̚/ | 一筆力 | Only with initials other than [t͡s], [t͡sʰ], [s] | |||||
| at | ad | at | /at̚/ | 八達舌 | ||||||
| iat | iad | - | - | /iat̚/ | - | 潔月乙 | Merged with /iet̚/ in N. Sixian; only with initials /k/, /kʰ/, /ŋ/, /h/ | |||
| oat | uad | - | /uat̚/ | - | 刮括 | |||||
| et | ed | êd | ed | et | /et̚/ | ɛt | 噎北色 | |||
| iet | ied | iêd | iad | iet | /iet̚/ | iɛt | 雪裂別分～ | Usually only with initials other than /k/, /kʰ/, /ŋ/, /h/ in S. Sixian and Meixian | ||
| oet | ued | uêd | ued | - | /uet̚/ | - | 國摑幗 | |||
| ot | od | ot | /ot̚/ | 遏發～病脫 | ||||||
| ut | ud | ut | /ut̚/ | 不卒骨 | ||||||
| iut | iud | iut | /iut̚/ | 屈 | ||||||
| ak | ag | ak | /ak̚/ | 鈪百石 | ||||||
| iak | iag | iak | /iak̚/ | 擛惜壁 | ||||||
| oak | uag | - | /uak̚/ | - | 砉 | |||||
| ok | og | ok | /ok̚/ | ɔk | 惡落作 | |||||
| iok | iog | iok | /iok̚/ | iɔk | 藥腳掠 | |||||
| - | uog | - | - | /uok̚/ | - | 郭𢼛 | Merged with /ok̚/ in Sixian | |||
| uk | ug | uk | /uk̚/ | 屋木竹 | ||||||
| iuk | iug | iuk | /iuk̚/ | 育畜肉 | ||||||
Tones
[edit]| Tone name | Dark Level 陰平 |
Light Level 陽平 |
Rising 上聲 |
Dark Departing 陰去 |
Light Departing 陽去 |
Dark Entering 陰入 |
Light Entering 陽入 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Example | 夫 | 扶 | 府 | 富 | 戶 / 户 | 福 | 服 |
| Meixian | ˦ 44 | ˩ 11 | ˧˩ 31 | ˥˧ 53 | ˩ 1 | ˥ 5 | |
| N. Sixian | ˨˦ 24 | ˥ 55 | ˨ 2 | ||||
| S. Sixian | ˨˦ 24 / ˧ 33 | ||||||
| Hailu | ˥˧ 53 | ˥ 55 | ˨˦ 24 | ˩ 11 | ˧ 33 | ˥ 5 | ˨ 2 |
| Hong Kong | ˩˧ 13 | ˩ 11 | ˧˩ 31 | ˥˧ 53 | ˧˩ 31 | ˥˧ 53 | |
| GD / Hagfa Pinyim (Meixian) | fu1 | fu2 | fu3 | fu4 | fug5 | fug6 | |
| PFS (Sixian) | fû | fù | fú | fu | fuk | fu̍k | |
| HRS (Sixian) | fuˊ / fu˖ | fuˇ | fu` | fu | fug` | fug | |
| HRS (Hailu) | fu` | fu | fuˊ | fuˇ | fu˖ | fug | fug` |
| LCF (Hong Kong) | fú | fū | fǔ | fù | fǔk | fùk | |
In Hong Kong Hakka, the dark level tone is realised as /35/ when in front of light level, rising, or dark checked syllables. The departing tone is realised as /55/ when in front of rising tone syllables.
References
[edit]- CCDICT (Chineselanguage.org)
- 臺灣客語辭典 [Dictionary of Taiwan Hakka] (overall work in Chinese and Hakka), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2022.
- Lau, Chun-fat. Hakka Pinyin Dictionary (Chinese). Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 1997 (Chinese IME supplement) →ISBN.
- 客語認證詞彙資料庫
- Lau Chun-Fat (2021), 香港客家話研究, Chung Hwa Book Company, ISBN 9789888760046.