古

See also: 吉 and 𠮷

古 U+53E4, 古 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53E4 ← 口 [U+53E3] CJK Unified Ideographs 句 → [U+53E5]

Translingual

Stroke order

Stroke order

Han character

古 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 十口 (JR), four-corner 4060₀, composition ⿱十口)

1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №53

Derived characters

• 估, 咕, 姑, 岵, 怙, 𢫈, 沽, 狜, 枯, 㱠, 𤇌, 牯, 祜, 𦙶, 䀦, 秙, 𧙖, 䊀, 䑩, 蛄, 詁 (诂), 跍, 軲 (轱), 酤, 鈷 (钴), 𩚩, 𦹵, 骷, 𡪻, 鮕, 𡳰
• 故, 胡, 㼋, 瓳, 䎁, 𨐒, 𠸙, 䧸, 嘏, 𦹯, 鴣 (鸪)
• 克, 㕝, 怘, 㖛, 辜, 㕆, 呄, 㝒, 居, 苦, 㽽, 𥥖, 罟, 䇢, 啇, 𠸗
• 𣭎, 固, 㑸, 𤚦, 䀇, 䂋

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 171, character 8
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3233
• Dae Jaweon: page 380, character 6
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 568, character 3
• Unihan data for U+53E4

Chinese

simp. and trad.		古
alternative forms		𠖠 ‡ 故 Cantonese "story"

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 古
Shang	Western Zhou	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Bronze inscriptions	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
箇	*kaːls
個	*kaːls
居	*kɯ, *kas
橭	*kaː, *kʰaː
嫴	*kaː
姑	*kaː
辜	*kaː
酤	*kaː, *kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
蛄	*kaː
鴣	*kaː
沽	*kaː, *kaːʔ, *kaːs
盬	*kaː, *kaːʔ
古	*kaːʔ
罟	*kaːʔ
估	*kaːʔ
鈷	*kaːʔ
詁	*kaːʔ
牯	*kaːʔ
故	*kaːs
固	*kaːs
稒	*kaːɡs
痼	*kaːɡs
錮	*kaːɡs
鯝	*kaːɡs
棝	*kaːɡs
凅	*kaːɡs
枯	*kʰaː
軲	*kʰaː
跍	*kʰaː
骷	*kʰaː
苦	*kʰaːʔ, *kʰaːs
葫	*qʰaː, *ɡaː
餬	*ɡaː
瑚	*ɡaː
湖	*ɡaː
鶘	*ɡaː
猢	*ɡaː
醐	*ɡaː
糊	*ɡaː
箶	*ɡaː
蝴	*ɡaː
胡	*ɡaː
瓳	*ɡaː
怙	*ɡaːʔ
祜	*ɡaːʔ
岵	*ɡaːʔ
婟	*ɡaːʔ, *ɡaːɡs
楛	*ɡaːʔ
据	*ka
裾	*ka
琚	*ka
椐	*ka, *kas, *kʰa
鶋	*ka
蜛	*ka
崌	*ka
涺	*ka
腒	*ka, *ɡa
鋸	*kas
倨	*kas
踞	*kas
涸	*ɡaːɡ

Ideogram (指事) : A shield (十, contraction of 盾 and similar but unrelated to 中) and the radical of the mouth (口) both as a distinguishing mark and as a component that partly indicates pronunciation. Together, they indicate the concept of "strong, firm" (as strong as a shield); original form of 固 (OC *kaːs) (Qiu Xigui, Ding Shan 丁山). Later, the meaning of "solid, firm" shifted to "antiquity" for unclear reasons. Compare oracle bone forms with 干, 盾. Unrelated to 中 and hence to 史 and 使.

Fang (1982) finds evidence for the 十 component originally being a depiction of a piece of food and the character originally being a depiction of someone spitting out a piece of food due to his bad taste. Thus, Fang argues this character is the original form of 苦 (kǔ), "bitter".

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ga (“old”). Cognate with 故 (OC *kaːs, “old things; former; dead”) and Tibetan རྒ (rga, “to be old; aged”).

Pronunciation 1

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): gǔ (gu³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gu³

  (Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): gù

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гў (gw, II)

• Cantonese

  (Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gu²

  (Dongguan, Jyutping++): gu²

  (Taishan, Wiktionary): gu²

• Gan (Wiktionary): gu³
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): kú

  (Hailu, HRS): gu^ˊ

  (Meixian, Guangdong): gu³

• Jin (Wiktionary): gu³ / gu²
• Northern Min (KCR): gǔ
• Eastern Min (BUC): gū / kū
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): gou³ / kou³
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kó͘

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gou²

  (Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): geu² / gu²

• Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): gu²
• Wu (Wugniu)
  • (Northern): ⁵ku / ³kou / ³ku
  • (Jinhua): ³ku
• Xiang

  (Changsha, Wiktionary): gu³

  (Loudi, Wiktionary): gu³

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
    • Wade–Giles: ku³
    • Yale: gǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
    • Palladius: гу (gu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹⁴/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: gu³
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵³/
  • (Xi'an)
    • Guanzhong Pinyin: gù
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵³/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гў (gw, II)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵¹/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: gu²
    • Yale: gú
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gu²
    • Guangdong Romanization: gu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː³⁵/
  • (Dongguan, Guancheng)
    • Jyutping++: gu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku³⁵/
  • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
    • Wiktionary: gu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: gu³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kú
    • Hakka Romanization System: gu^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gu³
    • Sinological IPA: /ku³¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: gu^ˊ
    • Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: gu³
    • Sinological IPA: /ku³¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: gu³ / gu²
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /ku⁴⁵/, /ku⁵³/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gǔ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gū / kū
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku³³/, /kʰu³³/

Note: kū - in 古田 (Kŭ-chèng).

• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: gou³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔu⁴⁵³/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: gou³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔu³³²/
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: kou³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰɔu⁴⁵³/

Note: kou3 - in 古田 (kou3 ceng2).

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘
    • Tâi-lô: kóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kor
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴¹/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gou²
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kóu
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou⁵²/
  • (Leizhou)
    • Leizhou Pinyin: geu² / gu²
    • Sinological IPA: /kɛu³¹/, /ku³¹/

Note:

• geu2 - vernacular;
• gu2 - literary.

• Southern Pinghua
  • (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
    • Jyutping++: gu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁵ku
    • MiniDict: ku^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ku
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ku³⁴/
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ³kou
    • MiniDict: kou^上
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /kəu⁵¹/
  • (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Jiaxing, Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Ningbo, Zhoushan)
    • Wugniu: ³ku
    • MiniDict: ku^上
    • Sinological IPA (Jiading): /ku³⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /ku⁴⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ku⁴²⁴/
    • Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /ku⁴³³/
    • Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /ku⁵³/
    • Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /ku³³⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /ku³²⁵/
    • Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /ku³⁵/
  • (Jinhua)
    • Wugniu: ³ku
    • Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /ku⁵³⁵/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gu³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁴¹/
  • (Loudi)
    • Wiktionary: gu³
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁴²/

---

• Middle Chinese: kuX

Rime
Character	古
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	公戸切
Baxter	kuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/kuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/koX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔX/
Li Rong	/koX/
Wang Li	/kuX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤaʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	古
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ kuX ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁaʔ/
English	ancient
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	古
Reading #	1/1
No.	4219
Phonetic component	古
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	古
Old Chinese	/*kaːʔ/

Definitions

古

1. the past; ancient times

   古今  ―  gǔjīn  ―  ancient and modern times

2. old; ancient
3. classic; old-styled
4. simple; unaffected; unsophisticated
5. things in the past; antiquities; history
6. (Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min) story (Classifier: 段 c)

   講古／讲古 [Cantonese]  ―  gong² gu² [Jyutping]  ―  to tell a story

7. Short for 古體詩／古体诗 (gǔtǐshī, “ancient-style poem”).
8. a surname

   古天樂／古天乐 [Cantonese]  ―  gu² tin¹ lok⁶ [Jyutping]  ―  Louis Koo Tin-lok (Hong Kong actor)

Compounds

• 七古
• 上古 (shànggǔ)
• 不古
• 中古 (zhōnggǔ)
• 五古
• 亙古 / 亘古 (gèngǔ)
• 仿古 (fǎnggǔ)
• 作古 (zuògǔ)
• 來古 / 来古
• 先古 (xiāngǔ)
• 千古 (qiāngǔ)
• 博古 (bógǔ)
• 印古什 (Yìngǔshí)
• 反古 (fǎngǔ)
• 口古月
• 古井 (gǔjǐng)
• 古井無波 / 古井无波
• 古人 (gǔrén)
• 古今 (gǔjīn)
• 古今中外 (gǔjīnzhōngwài)
• 古代 (gǔdài)
• 古作
• 古來 / 古来 (gǔlái)
• 古例
• 古典 (gǔdiǎn)
• 古典主義 / 古典主义 (gǔdiǎnzhǔyì)
• 古冊 / 古册 (kó͘-chheh) (Min Nan)
• 古制 (gǔzhì)
• 古剎 / 古刹 (gǔchà)
• 古勁 / 古劲
• 古勒巴格 (Gǔlèbāgé)
• 古動物學 / 古动物学 (gǔdòngwùxué)
• 古厝 (gǔcuò)
• 古史 (gǔshǐ)
• 古國 / 古国 (gǔguó)
• 古坑 (Gǔkēng)
• 古城 (gǔchéng)
• 古城口 (Gǔchéngkǒu)
• 古堡
• 古墓 (gǔmù)
• 古夫 (Gǔfū)
• 古奧 / 古奥
• 古妝 / 古妆
• 古始
• 古姆 (Gǔmǔ)
• 古學 / 古学
• 古寫 / 古写
• 古寺
• 古屋 (gǔwū)
• 古山 (Gǔshān)
• 古巴 (Gǔbā)
• 古幣 / 古币 (gǔbì)
• 古廟 / 古庙 (gǔmiào)
• 古式 (gǔshì)
• 古往今來 / 古往今来 (gǔwǎngjīnlái)
• 古德
• 古怪 (gǔguài)
• 古意 (gǔyì)
• 古憋
• 古拙 (gǔzhuó)
• 古文 (gǔwén)
• 古文字 (gǔwénzì)
• 古方 (gǔfāng)
• 古方兒 / 古方儿
• 古早 (gǔzǎo)
• 古昔 (gǔxī)
• 古晉 / 古晋 (Gǔjìn)
• 古時 / 古时 (gǔshí)
• 古曆 / 古历
• 古書 / 古书 (gǔshū)
• 古本 (gǔběn)
• 古板 (gǔbǎn)
• 古柯 (gǔkē)
• 古植物學 / 古植物学 (gǔzhíwùxué)
• 古樂 / 古乐 (gǔyuè)
• 古槧 / 古椠
• 古樓 / 古楼 (Gǔlóu)
• 古樸 / 古朴 (gǔpǔ)
• 古橋溝 / 古桥沟 (Gǔqiáogōu)
• 古氣 / 古气
• 古江巴格 (Gǔjiāngbāgé)
• 古法
• 古渡 (gǔdù)
• 古為今用 / 古为今用
• 古爾邦節 / 古尔邦节 (Gǔ'ěrbāngjié)
• 古物 (gǔwù)
• 古猿
• 古玉
• 古玩 (gǔwán)
• 古琴 (gǔqín)
• 古瓷
• 古生代 (Gǔshēng Dài)
• 古生物 (gǔshēngwù)
• 古生界
• 古畫 / 古画 (gǔhuà)
• 古白文 (gǔbáiwén)
• 古石 (Gǔshí)
• 古磚 / 古砖
• 古祠
• 古稀 (gǔxī)
• 古箏 / 古筝 (gǔzhēng)
• 古籀
• 古籍 (gǔjí)
• 古老 (gǔlǎo)
• 古老肉
• 古者 (gǔzhě)
• 古舊 / 古旧 (gǔjiù)
• 古色古香 (gǔsègǔxiāng)
• 古茶
• 古董 (gǔdǒng)
• 古蘭經 / 古兰经 (Gǔlánjīng)
• 古裝 / 古装 (gǔzhuāng)
• 古記 / 古记
• 古訓 / 古训 (gǔxùn)
• 古話 / 古话 (gǔhuà)
• 古詩 / 古诗 (gǔshī)
• 古語 / 古语 (gǔyǔ)
• 古調不彈 / 古调不弹
• 古諺 / 古谚 (gǔyàn)
• 古賢 / 古贤 (gǔxián)
• 古賦 / 古赋
• 古趣
• 古路 (Gǔlù)
• 古跡 / 古蹟 / 古迹 (gǔjì)
• 古遊 / 古游
• 古道 (gǔdào)
• 古道熱腸 / 古道热肠 (gǔdàorècháng)
• 古遠 / 古远
• 古邈
• 古都 (gǔdū)
• 古鄰 / 古邻
• 古銅 / 古铜
• 古銅色 / 古铜色 (gǔtóngsè)
• 古錢 / 古钱 (gǔqián)
• 古錐 / 古锥 (kó͘-chui) (Min Nan)
• 古門 / 古门
• 古陸 / 古陆
• 古隸 / 古隶
• 古雅 (gǔyǎ)
• 古音 (gǔyīn)
• 古韻 / 古韵 (gǔyùn)
• 古風 / 古风 (gǔfēng)
• 古驛 / 古驿 (Gǔyì)
• 古體詩 / 古体诗 (gǔtǐshī)
• 唐古拉 (Tánggǔlā)
• 大古
• 太古 (tàigǔ)
• 好古 (hàogǔ)
• 存古 (cúngǔ)
• 希古
• 師古 / 师古
• 弔古 / 吊古
• 往古
• 待古
• 徐古 (Xúgǔ)
• 復古 / 复古 (fùgǔ)
• 慕古
• 懷古 / 怀古 (huáigǔ)
• 振古
• 擬古 / 拟古 (nǐgǔ)
• 敻古
• 暮古
• 曠古 / 旷古 (kuànggǔ)
• 汲古 (jígǔ)
• 治古
• 泥古 (nìgǔ)
• 海西蒙古族藏族自治州
• 淳古
• 特古
• 玍古 (gǎgu)
• 疑古 (yígǔ)
• 盤古 / 盘古 (Pángǔ)
• 盤古壋 / 盘古垱 (Pángǔdàng)
• 萬古 / 万古 (wàngǔ)
• 秦古 (Qíngǔ)
• 稽古 (jīgǔ)
• 積古 / 积古
• 終古 / 终古 (zhōnggǔ)
• 考古 (kǎogǔ)
• 肅北蒙古族自治縣 / 肃北蒙古族自治县
• 自古 (zìgǔ)
• 艾古斯 (Àigǔsī)
• 花古 (Huāgǔ)
• 蒙古 (Měnggǔ)
• 蒙古族 (Měnggǔzú)
• 覽古 / 览古 (lǎngǔ)
• 訪古 / 访古
• 說古 / 说古
• 講古 / 讲古 (jiǎnggǔ)
• 譀古 / 𰶆古 (hàm-kó͘) (Min Nan)
• 變古 / 变古
• 轢古 / 轹古
• 近古 (jìngǔ)
• 述古
• 遠古 / 远古 (yuǎngǔ)
• 邃古 (suìgǔ)
• 門古寺 / 门古寺 (Méngǔsì)
• 高古

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (古):

• → Japanese: 古(こ) (ko)
• → Korean: 고(古) (go)
• → Vietnamese: cổ (古)

Others:

• → Vietnamese: cũ

Pronunciation 2

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gù (gu⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˋ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gù
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gù
    • Wade–Giles: ku⁴
    • Yale: gù
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guh
    • Palladius: гу (gu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵¹/

Definitions

古

1. ^† Alternative form of 固 (gù)
2. ^† Alternative form of 故 (gù)

Pronunciation 3

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): kū (ku¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄎㄨ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: kū
    • Zhuyin: ㄎㄨ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: ku
    • Wade–Giles: kʻu¹
    • Yale: kū
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ku
    • Palladius: ку (ku)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰu⁵⁵/

Definitions

古

1. ^† Only used in 古成.

References

• “古”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

古

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: く (ku)
• Kan-on: こ (ko, Jōyō)
• Kun: ふるい (furui, 古い, Jōyō)、ふるす (furusu, 古す, Jōyō)、いにしえ (inishie, 古)^{←いにしへ (inisife, 古, historical)}

Compounds

Compounds

• 古(こ)意(い) (koi)
• 古(こ)雅(が) (koga)
• 古(こ)稀(き) (koki)
• 古(こ)今(こん) (kokon)
• 古(こ)参(さん) (kosan)
• 古(こ)址(し) (koshi)
• 古(こ)式(しき) (koshiki)
• 古(こ)色(しょく) (koshoku)
• 古(こ)称(しょう) (koshō)
• 古(こ)茶(ちゃ) (kocha): tea from last year
• 古(こ)典(てん) (koten)
• 古(こ)都(と) (koto)
• 古(こ)風(ふう) (kofū)
• 古(こ)文(ぶん) (kobun)
• 古(こ)来(らい) (korai)
• 名(な)古(ご)屋(や) (Nagoya)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
古
いにしえ Grade: 2
kun'yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 古 – see the following entry.

【いにしえ】 [noun] the past [noun] ancient times [noun] (archaic, obsolete) the deceased Alternative spellings 昔, 古え, 昔え, 往にしへ, 去にしへ

(This term, 古, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
古
ふる Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Alternative spellings
旧 故

Stem of adjective 古い (furui, “old”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ふる [fúꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɸɯ̟ɾɯ̟]

Noun

古(ふる) • (furu) 

1. used item, secondhand item, hand-me-down

Prefix

古(ふる) • (furu-) 

1. paleo-, old, used, previous

Korean

Hanja

古 (eumhun 옛 고 (yet go))

1. hanja form^? of 고 (“old; ancient”)

Compounds

Compounds

• 고금 (古琴, gogeum, “guqin, Chinese zither”)
• 고고 (考古, gogo)
• 고고학 (考古學, gogohak, “archaeology”)
• 고전 (古典, gojeon, “classic”)
• 고어 (古語, go'eo, “archaism”)
• 고옥 (古屋, gook)
• 고조선 (古朝鮮, gojoseon, “Gojoseon”)
• 고풍 (古風, gopung, “old customs, antique”)
• 고서 (古書, goseo)
• 중고 (中古, junggo)
• 몽고 (蒙古, monggo, “Mongolia”)
• 상고 (上古, sanggo)

Vietnamese

Han character

古: Hán Việt readings: cổ (公(công)土(thổ)切(thiết))
古: Nôm readings: cổ, cỗ, của, có, cỏ, kẻ

Compounds

Compounds

• 古典 (cổ điển)
• 古文 (cổ văn)
• 考古 (khảo cổ)
• 蒙古 (Mông Cổ)

Adjective

古 • (cổ)

1. chữ Hán form of cổ (“ancient; old”).

Noun

古 • (cổ, của)

1. Nôm form of cổ (“neck”).
2. Nôm form of của (“property; belongings”).