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干

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 乾, 幹, 于, 午, 千, 半, and 榦
干 U+5E72, 干
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5E72
← 幱
[U+5E71] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 平 →
[U+5E73]
⼲ U+2F32, ⼲
KANGXI RADICAL DRY
← ⼱
[U+2F31] 		Kangxi Radicals ⼳ →
[U+2F33]

Translingual

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Stroke order
3 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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See images of
Radical 51 干

干 (Kangxi radical 51, 干+0, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一十 (MJ), four-corner 10400, composition ⿱一十)

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №47

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 339, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 9165
  • Dae Jaweon: page 645, character 22
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 405, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+5E72

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 干
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (干) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
訐 *krads, *krads, *ked, *kad
肝 *kaːn
竿 *kaːn
干 *kaːn
奸 *kaːn
玕 *kaːn
汗 *kaːn, *ɡaːn, *ɡaːns
迀 *kaːn
忓 *kaːn, *ɡaːns
鳱 *kaːn
邗 *kaːn, *ɡaːn
秆 *kaːnʔ
矸 *kaːnʔ, *kaːns, *ɡaːns
仠 *kaːnʔ
皯 *kaːnʔ
衦 *kaːnʔ
簳 *kaːnʔ
擀 *kaːnʔ
旰 *kaːns
盰 *kaːns
幹 *kaːns
杆 *kaːns
骭 *kaːns, *ɡraːns
桿 *kaːnʔ
趕 *kaːnʔ
稈 *kaːnʔ
刊 *kʰaːn
靬 *kʰaːn, *kʰaːns, *kreːn, *kan
衎 *kʰaːnʔ, *kʰaːns
犴 *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns
豻 *ŋaːn, *ŋaːns, *ɦŋaːns, *ŋ̊ʰraːn
頇 *ŋaːns, *hŋaːn, *ŋaːd
岸 *ŋɡaːns
鼾 *qʰaːn, *ɢaːns
罕 *qʰaːnʔ, *qʰaːns
焊 *qʰaːnʔ, *ɡaːns
蔊 *qʰaːnʔ
虷 *ɡaːn
旱 *ɡaːnʔ
皔 *ɡaːnʔ
釬 *ɡaːns
扞 *ɡaːns
閈 *ɡaːns
馯 *ɡaːns, *kʰraːn
捍 *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ
悍 *ɡaːns
銲 *ɡaːns
垾 *ɡaːns
駻 *ɡaːns
睅 *ɡʷranʔ
娨 *ɡraːns
飦 *kan
赶 *ɡan, *ɡʷad
軒 *qʰan
蓒 *qʰan
酐 *qʰaːŋʔ
澣 *ɡʷaːnʔ

Pictogram (象形) of a shield with feather ornaments on top; in some versions in oracle bones, the central and flat part of the shield can be seen as 回.

As an alternative, it's possible 干 and 單 are variant forms of the same character in oracle bone script due to their similar shapes and its appearence in the original forms of 敢. Hence, 干 would depict a bifurcated hunting weapon, not a shield. But 單 has two dots on top that depict two stones, while these two dots are absent in 干.

Also borrowed phonetically as a simplification of 乾 (dry) and 幹. See also 盾 (the pictogram of another shield) and its possible differentiation 古.

The interpretation that links this pictogram to a pestle is folk etymology. Unrelated to 午, which however represents a pestle.

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
 干
alternative forms 𬼽

Sino-Tibetan. Cognate with 扞 (OC *ɡaːns, “to shield; to protect”), 閈 (OC *ɡaːns, “gate”), 捍 (OC *ɡaːns, *ɡraːnʔ, “to shield, ward off”). Compare Tibetan འགལ ('gal, “to go against, to violate, to contradict”), Burmese ကာ (ka, “shield; to shield; to block”).

Pronunciation 1

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Rime
Character 干
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 寒 (61)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古寒切
Baxter kan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɑn/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɑn/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɑn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kan/
Li
Rong 		/kɑn/
Wang
Li 		/kɑn/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kɑn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gon1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 干 干 干 干
Reading # 1/4 2/4 3/4 4/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gān gān gān gān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kan › ‹ kan › ‹ kan › ‹ kan ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ˁar/ /*kˁa[r]/ /*kˁar/ /*kˁar/
English pole shield (n.) piece, item (placename)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 干
Reading # 1/1
No. 3570
Phonetic
component 		干
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		干
Old
Chinese 		/*kaːn/
Definitions
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干

  1. to concern; to be implicated in; implication
    這事與我無干。 [MSC, trad.]
    这事与我无干。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè shì yǔ wǒ wú gān. [Pinyin]
    It has nothing to do with me.
  2. † a shield
  3. † to request; to ask
  4. † to offend; to encroach on
  5. † to interfere; to intervene
  6. † bank; edge of water bodies
    江干  ―  jiānggān  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    河干  ―  hégān  ―  river bank
  7. 8th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "opposition" (𝌍)
  8. Short for 天干 (tiāngān, “heavenly stem”).
  9. group (of people)
    一干人  ―  yī gān rén  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  10. A place in modern Yangzhou.
    Synonym: 邗 (Hán)
    干越夷貉之子，生而同聲，長而異俗，教使之然也。 [MSC, trad.]
    干越夷貉之子，生而同声，长而异俗，教使之然也。 [MSC, simp.]
    Gānyuè yíhé zhī zǐ, shēng ér tóng shēng, cháng ér yì sú, jiào shǐ zhī rán yě. [Pinyin]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  11. Alternative form of 乾 / 干 (“dry”)
  12. Alternative form of 澗 / 涧 (jiàn, “brook; stream”)
  13. Alternative form of 矸 (“rock”)
  14. a surname
  15. (Mainland China Hokkien) in vain; for nothing
Synonyms
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  • (in vain): 白 (bái)
Compounds
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Pronunciation 2

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Definitions
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干

  1. to defend
  2. to establish

Descendants

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  • → Lao: ກັນ (kan)
  • → Shan: ၵၼ် (kǎn)
  • → Tai Dam: ꪀꪽ
  • → Thai: กัน (gan)

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 干 – see 乾 (“dry; moistureless; waterless; arid; to dry; to exhaust; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified and variant form of 乾).
Notes:

Etymology 3

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For pronunciation and definitions of 干 – see 幹 (“main part of something; body; trunk; to do; etc.”).
(This character is the simplified form of 幹).
Notes:

Etymology 4

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For pronunciation and definitions of 干 – see 豻 (“a kind of wild dog from northern China, resembling a fox with a black snout; etc.”).
(This character is a variant form of 豻).

Etymology 5

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For pronunciation and definitions of 干 – see 贛 (“Gan River; Jiangxi, a province of China.; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 贛).
Notes:

Japanese

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Kanji

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干

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
干
かん
Grade: 6
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 干 (MC kan).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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干(かん) • (kan) 

  1. shield
  2. interfere, invade
Derived terms
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shield
interfere, invade

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
干
かん
Grade: 6
on'yomi
Alternative spelling
旱

干 is a daiyōji replacing 旱.

Pronunciation

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Affix

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干(かん) • (kan) 

  1. dry
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
干
ひ
Grade: 6
on'yomi
Alternative spelling
乾

Pronunciation

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Noun

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干(ひ) • (hi) 

  1. (prefixed to nouns) dry
Derived terms
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References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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干 (eumhun 방패 간 (bangpae gan))

  1. shield

Okinawan

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Kanji

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干

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Tày

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Noun

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干 (can, cán)

  1. Nôm form of can (“heavenly stem”).
    四象分干支八卦
    Tứ tượng phân can chi bát quái
    Sixiang created the ten heavenly stems and the eight divinatory trigrams
  2. Nôm form of cán (“stem; trunk”).
    有干不生枝玉葉
    Hữu cán bất sinh chi ngọc diệp
    There's the stem but no leaves

Verb

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干 (can)

  1. Nôm form of can (“to dissuade”).
    參拾婆姆姉困干
    𫡲拾仍婆官困𠮶
    Sam síp bà mụ chị khổn can
    Hả síp nhịnh bà quan khổn gạ
    [Even] thirty concubines can't dissuade them
    [Even] fifty mandarins can't make them obey

References

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  • Lục Văn Pảo, Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003) Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎[1] (in Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội

Vietnamese

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Han character

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干: Hán Việt readings: can
干: Nôm readings: can, càn, cán, cơn

  1. chữ Hán form of can (“to intervene; to concern”).

Compounds

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