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U+4E5F, 也
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E5F

[U+4E5E]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4E60]

Translingual

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Stroke order
3 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 5, +2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 心木 (PD), four-corner 44712, composition )

Derived characters

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Descendants

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 84, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 171
  • Dae Jaweon: page 170, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 50, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+4E5F

Chinese

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trad.
simp. #
alternative forms

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts



References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

Pictogram (象形) — A child () with their mouth () open crying. The original form of (OC *l'eː, “to cry”) (Ji Xusheng, 2004). The child's arms were removed during bronze inscriptions and the two components fused together in the modern form.

Other various possible explanations include:

  • The traditional glyph origin given in Shuowen explains the character to be a pictogram (象形) of female genitalia.
  • It was once interchangeable with and may have originated as a simplification. Hence, it could be the pictogram of a snake.
  • It may have been created to represent the modal particle (語氣詞语气词 (yǔqìcí)). In some bronze inscriptions, it appears to be a mouth () with a curved line descending from it to represent air coming out of the mouth.
  • It is possibly a pictogram (象形) of an ancient funnel or wash basin. It may be an early form of .
  • It may have signified a big-headed scorpion with its legs flattened, signifying as something very "flat" or "stretched out".

Etymology

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classical sentence-ending copulative particle, topic particle

Unclear. Possibly Sino-Tibetan, connectable to Tibetan (la), which is often used as a marker (for oblique locative, dative, possessor in constructions with a copula verb, etc.) but also a topicalizer like ནི (ni, as for) (Schuessler, 2007).

On the other hand, Pulleyblank (1995) notes the similarity with anteclassical (OC *ɢʷi) as a copula and a topicalizer.

also, too, as well
This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Maybe related to classical synonym (MC yek)?”

This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • ǎ - vernacular;
  • iǎ - literary.
Note:
  • iâ - vernacular;
  • iá - literary.
Note:
  • iā/iǎ/ā/ǎ - vernacular;
  • iá - literary.
Note: a7 - “if”.
Note:
  • 6gha (Shanghainese), 8ghaeq (Suzhounese) - as particle;
  • 6gha (Shanghainese), 2gha (Suzhounese)- vernacular;
  • 6gha & 6ye (Shanghainese), 1ie (Suzhounese) - literary;
  • 1a (Shanghainese) - only in 也怕;
  • 3ie (Hangzhounese)- main reading;
  • 6gha (Hangzhounese) - younger speakers' alternative reading.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (36)
Final () (100)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () III
Fanqie
Baxter yaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/jiaX/
Pan
Wuyun
/jiaX/
Shao
Rongfen
/iaX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/jiaX/
Li
Rong
/iaX/
Wang
Li
/jĭaX/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/i̯aX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
je5
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ X ›
Old
Chinese
/*lAjʔ/
English (final particle)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 14773
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*laːlʔ/

Definitions

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  1. also; too; as well; (in negative sentences) neither; either
      ―  qù le.  ―  I also went.
    中國人中国人  ―  shì zhōngguórén.  ―  I am Chinese too.
    如果 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Nǐ rúguǒ bù qù, wǒ bù qù. [Pinyin]
    If you don't go, I won't either.
    沒有看見 [MSC, trad.]
    没有看见 [MSC, simp.]
    méiyǒu kànjiàn guò tā. [Pinyin]
    I haven't seen it either.
  2. Used for emphasis.
    不像話 [MSC, trad.]
    不像话 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè tài bùxiànghuà le. [Pinyin]
    This is way too outrageous.
    1. With object fronting.
      [MSC, trad.]
      [MSC, simp.]
      Tā fàn bù chī, jiào bù shuì. [Pinyin]
      (Disappointingly) he neither eats nor sleeps.
    2. Used in the ……也…… / ……也…… constructions for stronger emphasis. Interchangeable with . even
      畜生不如自己父母養活 [MSC, trad.]
      畜生不如自己父母养活 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā lián xùshēng bùrú, lián zìjǐ de fùmǔ bù yǎnghuó. [Pinyin]
      He is no better than an animal, because he doesn't even support his own parents.
    3. Used in the ……也…… concessive constructions. still, anyway, nevertheless
      聰明回答不了問題 [MSC, trad.]
      聪明回答不了问题 [MSC, simp.]
      Nǐ zài cōngmíng, huídá bùliǎo zhè ge wèntí. [Pinyin]
      No matter how smart you are, you won't be able to answer this question.
  3. (Classical) Particle used at the end of copular constructions involving a nominal predicate; to be (although not grammatically a verb)
    [Literary Chinese]  ―  Wǒ yì rén . [Pinyin]  ―  I am a person, too.
    西天下 [Literary Chinese, trad. and simp.]
    Qí xī yǒu dà shān, tiānxià zhì gāo zhě . [Pinyin]
    In the west there are great mountains, which are the tallest in the world.
    1. Often used more loosely than the English copula to indicate a cause or relation.
  4. (Classical) Topic-marking particle used at the end of noun phrases.
    Synonym: (zhě)
    1. when, at the time of; especially commonly used for temporal topics, often as ……也.
  5. (Classical) Verb phrase-final particle marking continuous aspect, especially common for assertions of unchanging fact.
  6. (Teochew) if
  7. a surname. Ye

Synonyms

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Compounds

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Further reading

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  • Caboara, Marco (2010) The particle ye 也 and related constructions in the Guodian manuscripts of IV century BCE (PhD)‎[1], University of Washington

Japanese

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Kanji

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(Jinmeiyō kanji)

  1. to be
  2. (uncommon) also

Readings

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  • Go-on: (ya) (e)
  • Kan-on: (ya)
  • Kun: なり (nari, ) (ka)また (mata, )

As an alternative form of :

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
なり
Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

Glyph origin

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Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese (, copula).

Definitions

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For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
なり
[verb] (Classical Japanese or literary) the classical copula “to be”, equivalent to modern Japanese である (de aru) or (da), or adjective particle (na)
[particle] Used when giving an example, without the implication that it might be the best or the only option
[particle] ... or ...
[suffix] (Classical Japanese) A modal auxiliary verb indicating hearsay or conjecture based on what is heard: it sounds like; it is said that
Alternative spellings
𬼂, 𬻿
(This term, , is an alternative spelling (terminal form) of the above term.)

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
また
Jinmeiyō
kun'yomi

Glyph origin

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Orthographic borrowing from Mandarin (, also). Probably an early modern innovation.

Definitions

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For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
また
[conjunction] and, also
Alternative spellings
, ,
(This term, , is an alternative spelling (literary, uncommon) of the above term.)

Korean

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Hanja

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(eumhun 잇기 (itgi ya))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

(eumhun 어조사 (eojosa ya))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

(eumhun 잇달을 (itdareul ya))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: giã,
: Nôm readings: dạ, , giã,

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

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  • Hồ Lê (1976). Bảng Tra Chữ Nôm. Hanoi: Viện Ngôn Ngữ Học.
  • Nguyễn, Quang Hồng (2014). Tự Điển Chữ Nôm Dẫn Giải (Nôm Characters with Quotations and Annotations). Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội (Social Sciences Publishing House).
  • Williams, Noriko Kurosawa (2010). "The Key to Kanji". Boston: Cheng & Tsui Company, Inc.