なり
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Japanese
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]Alternative spellings |
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也 (terminal form) 𬼂 (terminal form, cursive, obsolete) 𬻿 (terminal form, cursive, obsolete) |
/ni ari/ → /nari/
Contraction of older に (ni, case particle) + あり (ari, “to be, to exist”).[1]
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]- (Classical Japanese or literary) the classical copula “to be”, equivalent to modern Japanese である (de aru) or だ (da), or adjective particle な (na)
Usage notes
[edit]- Attaches to a nominal or the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of declinables.
- The 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of the copula can be spelled in kanji as 也, 𬼂 or 𬻿.
- 恋は渾沌の隷也 (Koi wa Kaosu no Shimobe nari, “Love is a Servant of Chaos”)
- The kanji form is usually used to denote a sum of money, e.g. 二千円也 (nisen en nari).
Conjugation
[edit]Stem forms | ||||
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Irrealis (未然形) | なら | nara | ||
Continuative (連用形) | に[1] なり[2] |
ni nari | ||
Terminal (終止形) | なり | nari | ||
Attributive (連体形) | なる | naru | ||
Realis (已然形) | なれ | nare | ||
Imperative (命令形) | なれ | nare | ||
Key constructions | ||||
Negative | ならず | narazu | ||
Contrasting conjunction | なれど | naredo | ||
Causal conjunction | なれば | nareba | ||
Conditional conjunction | ならば | naraba | ||
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | なりき | nariki | ||
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | なりけり | narikeri | ||
Adverbial | に | ni | ||
[1]Without auxiliary verb. [2]With auxiliary verb. |
Derived terms
[edit]- な (na, na-adjective ending)
- なら (nara)
- のみならず (nomi narazu)
- 如何なる (ikanaru)
- 大いなる (ōinaru)
- 異なる (kotonaru)
- 更なる (saranaru)
- 単なる (tannaru)
- 可也 (kanari): considerably; quite
Etymology 2
[edit]From the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of the classical auxiliary verb なり.
Particle
[edit]- Used when giving an example, without the implication that it might be the best or the only option
- 労働局になり相談したらどうですか?
- Rōdōkyoku ni nari sōdan shitara dō desu ka?
- What about consulting, for example, the Labor Bureau?
- 労働局になり相談したらどうですか?
- ... or ...
- 楽天なりどこなりで買い物をする[1]
- Rakuten nari doko nari de kaimono o suru
- to shop at Rakuten or somewhere
- 楽天なりどこなりで買い物をする[1]
Derived terms
[edit]- 大なり小なり (dai nari shō nari, “more or less, to some extent”)
Etymology 3
[edit]From Old Japanese なり (nari).
Thought to be a contraction of 音 (na, the bound apophonic form of 音 (ne), "sound") + あり (ari, “to be”).[2]
Suffix
[edit]- (Classical Japanese) A modal auxiliary verb indicating hearsay or conjecture based on what is heard: it sounds like; it is said that
Usage notes
[edit]- This word is morphologically a clitic. It is classified as 助動詞 (jodōshi, “auxiliary verb”) in traditional Japanese grammar.
- Attaches to the 終止形 (shūshikei, “terminal form”) of most inflectable words, but to the 連体形 (rentaikei, “attributive form”) of ラ行変格活用 (“ra-irregular”) verbs. In the latter case, the final る is usually omitted in writing, e.g. あなり (anari) instead of あるなり (arunari); this is interpreted as unwritten 撥音便 (hatsuonbin), so that あなり (anari) is read as あんなり (annari).[3]
- Conjectures based on something heard, as opposed to めり (meri) which conjectures based on something seen.
Conjugation
[edit]Etymology 4
[edit]For pronunciation and definitions of なり – see the following entries. | ||
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(This term, なり (nari), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.) For a list of all kanji read as なり, see Category:Japanese kanji read as なり.) |
Etymology 5
[edit]Reading of various words.
Noun
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
- ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010) A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 102
- ^ Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010) A History of the Japanese Language, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 232
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