and

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "and"

English

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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Middle English and, an, from Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, *anþi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Cognate with Scots an (“and”), North Frisian en (“and”), West Frisian en, in (“and”), Yiddish און (un, “and”), Low German un (“and”), Dutch en (“and”), German und (“and”), Danish end (“but”), Swedish än (“yet, but”), Icelandic and Norwegian enn (“still, yet”), Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialectal ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet, therefore”), Latin ante (“opposite, in front of”), and Ancient Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite, facing”). Doublet of an ("if").

Alternative forms

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Conjunction

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and

  1. As a coordinating conjunction; expressing two elements to be taken together or in addition to each other.
    1. Used simply to connect two noun phrases, adjectives or adverbs. [from 8th c.]
      • c. 1430 (reprinted 1888), Thomas Austin, ed., Two Fifteenth-century Cookery-books. Harleian ms. 279 (ab. 1430), & Harl. ms. 4016 (ab. 1450), with Extracts from Ashmole ms. 1429, Laud ms. 553, & Douce ms. 55 [Early English Text Society, Original Series; 91], London: N. Trübner & Co. for the Early English Text Society, volume I, OCLC 374760, page 11:
        Soupes dorye. — Take gode almaunde mylke […] caste þher-to Safroun an Salt […]
      • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act V, scene i]:
        Sweet lady, you have given me life and living; […]
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Genesis 1:1:
        In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth.
      • 1817 (date written), [Jane Austen], Persuasion; published in Northanger Abbey: And Persuasion. […], volume (please specify |volume=III or IV), London: John Murray, […], 20 December 1817 (indicated as 1818), →OCLC:
        as for Mrs. Smith, she had claims of various kinds to recommend her quickly and permanently.
      • 2011 November 5, Mark Townsend, The Guardian:
        ‘The UKBA has some serious explaining to do if it is routinely carrying out such abusive and unlawful inspections.’
    2. Simply connecting two clauses or sentences. [from 8th c.]
      • 1991, Jung Chang, Wild Swans:
        When she saw several boys carrying a huge wooden case full of porcelain, she mumbled to Jinming that she was going to have a look, and left the room.
      • 2011 November 5, Helena Smith, Tom Kington, The Guardian:
        "Consensus is essential for the country," he said, adding that he was not "tied" to his post and was willing to step aside.
    3. Introducing a clause or sentence which follows on in time or consequence from the first. [from 9th c.]
      • 1996, David Beasley, Chocolate for the Poor:
        ‘But if you think you can get it, Christian, you're a fool. Set one foot upcountry and I'll kill you.’
      • 2004 August 22, Will Buckley, The Observer:
        One more error and all the good work she had done on Friday would be for nought.
      • 2007: Jimmy Carr, 8 out of 10 Cats, 13th day of July episode
        Romance is dead; men killed it, and made women clean up the mess.
    4. (obsolete) Yet; but. [10th–17th c.]
    5. Used to connect certain numbers: connecting units when they precede tens (not dated); connecting tens and units to hundreds, thousands etc. (now often omitted in US); to connect fractions to wholes. [from 10th c.]
    6. (now colloquial or literary) Used to connect more than two elements together in a chain, sometimes to stress the number of elements.
      • 1599 (first performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Iulius Cæsar”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ii]:
        And these does she apply, for warnings and portents, / And euils imminent; and on her knee / Hath begg'd, that I will stay at home to day.
      • 1939, Langley, Ryerson & Woolf, The Wizard of Oz (screenplay):
        Lions, and tigers, and bears! Oh, my!
    7. Connecting two identical elements, with implications of continued or infinite repetition. [from 10th c.]
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Psalms CXLV::
        I will extol thee, my God, O king; and I will bless thy name for ever and ever.
      • 2011 March 18, Jonathan Watts, The Guardian:
        He was at work in a nearby city when the tsunami struck. ‘As soon as I saw it, I called home. It rang and rang, but there was no answer.’
    8. Introducing a parenthetical or explanatory clause. [from 10th c.]
      • 1918, George W. E. Russell, Prime Ministers and Some Others:
        The word "capable" occurs in Mr. Fisher's Bill, and rightly, because our mental and physical capacities are infinitely varied.
      • 2008 January 29, The Guardian:
        President Pervez Musharraf is undoubtedly sincere in his belief that he, and he alone, can save Pakistan from the twin perils of terrorism and anarchy.
    9. Introducing the continuation of narration from a previous understood point; also used alone as a question: ‘and so what?’.
      • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Revelation XIV::
        And I heard a voice from heaven, as the voice of many waters, and as the voice of a great thunder: and I heard the voice of harpers harping with their harps […].
      • 1860 December – 1861 August, Charles Dickens, Great Expectations […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), London: Chapman and Hall, […], published October 1861, →OCLC:
        ‘You take it smoothly now,’ said I, ‘but you were very serious last night, when you swore it was Death.’ ‘And so I swear it is Death,’ said he, putting his pipe back in his mouth […].
      • 1914, Saki, ‘The Lull’, Beasts and Superbeasts:
        ‘And, Vera,’ added Mrs. Durmot, turning to her sixteen-year-old niece, ‘be careful what colour ribbon you wear in your hair […].’
    10. (now dialectal or somewhat colloquial) Used to connect two verbs where the second is dependent on the first: ‘to’. Used especially after come, go and try. [from 14th c.]
    11. Introducing a qualitative difference between things having the same name; "as well as other". [from 16th c.]
      • 1936, The Labour Monthly, volume XVIII:
        Undoubtedly every party makes mistakes. But there are mistakes and mistakes.
      • 1972, Esquire, volume LXXVIII:
        "There are managers and there are managers," he tells me. "I'm totally involved in every aspect of Nina's career."
    12. Used to combine numbers in addition; plus (with singular or plural verb). [from 17th c.]
      • 1791, James Boswell, Life of Samuel Johnson:
        ‘Nobody attempts to dispute that two and two make four: but with contests concerning moral truth, human passions are generally mixed […].’
      • 1871, Lewis Carroll, Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There:
        ‘Can you do Addition?’ the White Queen asked. ‘What's one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one and one?’
  2. (heading) Expressing a condition.
    1. (now US dialect) If; provided that. [from 13th c.]
    2. (obsolete) As if, as though. [15th–17th c.]
  3. (mathematics, logic) Connecting two well-formed formulas to create a new well-formed formula that requires it to only be true when both of the two formulas are true.
Usage notes
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Usage notes

Beginning a sentence with and or other coordinating conjunctions is considered incorrect by classical grammarians arguing that a coordinating conjunction at the start of a sentence has nothing to connect, but use of the word in this way is very common. The practice will be found in literature from Anglo-Saxon times onwards, especially as an aid to continuity in narrative and dialogue. The OED provides examples from the 9th century to the 19th century, including one from Shakespeare’s King John: “Arthur. Must you with hot Irons, burne out both mine eyes? Hubert. Young boy, I must. Arthur. And will you? Hubert. And I will.” It is also used for other rhetorical purposes, especially to denote surprise

(O John! and you have seen him! And are you really going?—1884 in OED)

and sometimes just to introduce an improvised afterthought

(I’m going to swim. And don’t you dare watch—G. Butler, 1983)

It is, however, poor style to separate short statements into separate sentences when no special effect is needed: I opened the door and I looked into the room (not *I opened the door. And I looked into the room). Combining sentences or starting with in addition or moreover is preferred in formal writing.

And is often omitted for contextual effects of various kinds, especially between sequences of descriptive adjectives which can be separated by commas or simply by spaces

(The teeming jerrybuilt dun-coloured traffic-ridden deafening city—Penelope Lively, 1987)

In U.S. financial contexts such as cheque writing, and is often proscribed within full dollar amounts, reserved for use before the cent value. For instance, $150 is written "one hundred fifty", whereas "one hundred and fifty" is arguably ambiguously and could be taken to mean $100.50 instead. Some schools go so far as to teach that and literally means a decimal point, although a standard writing would at least denote the fractional dollar value as hundredths, e.g. with "/xx".

Synonyms
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Derived terms
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Translations
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See and/translations § Conjunction.
See also
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Noun

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and (plural ands)

  1. (music, often informal) In rhythm, the second half of a divided beat.
    • 2006, Gordon Goodwin, Gordon Goodwin's Big Phat Band: Trumpet, page 51:
      The same goes for measure 42, when you begin the phrase on the and of 1, because that kind of lick can easily bog down the time.

Etymology 2

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From Middle English ande, from Old English anda (“grudge, enmity, malice, envy, hatred, anger, zeal, annoyance, vexation; zeal; injury, mischief; fear, horror”) and Old Norse andi (“breath, wind, spirit”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadô (“breath, anger, zeal”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂enh₁- (“to breathe, blow”).

Cognate with German Ahnd, And (“woe, grief”), Danish ånde (“breath”), Swedish anda, ande (“spirit, breath, wind, ingenuity, intellect”), Icelandic andi (“spirit”), Albanian ëndë (“pleasure, delight”), Latin animus (“spirit, soul”). Related to onde.

Alternative forms

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Noun

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and (plural ands)

  1. (UK dialectal) Breath.
  2. (UK dialectal) Sea smoke; steam fog.

Etymology 3

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From Middle English anden, from Old English andian (“to be envious or jealous, envy”) and Old Norse anda (“to breathe”); both from Proto-Germanic *anadōną (“to breathe, sputter”). Cognate with German ahnden (“to avenge, punish”), Danish ånde (“to breathe”), Swedish andas (“to breathe”), Icelandic anda (“to breathe”). See above.

Alternative forms

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Verb

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and (third-person singular simple present ands, present participle anding, simple past and past participle anded)

  1. (UK dialectal, intransitive) To breathe; whisper; devise; imagine.

Anagrams

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Azerbaijani

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Other scripts
Cyrillic анд
Abjad آند

Etymology

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From Proto-Turkic *ānt (“oath”).[1] Cognate with Old Turkic 𐰦 (nt), Turkish ant.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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and (definite accusative andı, plural andlar)

  1. oath
    Synonym: əhd

Declension

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    Declension of and
singular plural
nominative and
 andlar
definite accusative andı
 andları
dative anda
 andlara
locative andda
 andlarda
ablative anddan
 andlardan
definite genitive andın
 andların
    Possessive forms of and
nominative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andım andlarım
sənin (“your”) andın andların
onun (“his/her/its”) andı andları
bizim (“our”) andımız andlarımız
sizin (“your”) andınız andlarınız
onların (“their”) andı or andları andları
accusative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andımı andlarımı
sənin (“your”) andını andlarını
onun (“his/her/its”) andını andlarını
bizim (“our”) andımızı andlarımızı
sizin (“your”) andınızı andlarınızı
onların (“their”) andını or andlarını andlarını
dative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andıma andlarıma
sənin (“your”) andına andlarına
onun (“his/her/its”) andına andlarına
bizim (“our”) andımıza andlarımıza
sizin (“your”) andınıza andlarınıza
onların (“their”) andına or andlarına andlarına
locative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andımda andlarımda
sənin (“your”) andında andlarında
onun (“his/her/its”) andında andlarında
bizim (“our”) andımızda andlarımızda
sizin (“your”) andınızda andlarınızda
onların (“their”) andında or andlarında andlarında
ablative
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andımdan andlarımdan
sənin (“your”) andından andlarından
onun (“his/her/its”) andından andlarından
bizim (“our”) andımızdan andlarımızdan
sizin (“your”) andınızdan andlarınızdan
onların (“their”) andından or andlarından andlarından
genitive
singular plural
mənim (“my”) andımın andlarımın
sənin (“your”) andının andlarının
onun (“his/her/its”) andının andlarının
bizim (“our”) andımızın andlarımızın
sizin (“your”) andınızın andlarınızın
onların (“their”) andının or andlarının andlarının

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ Starostin, Sergei, Dybo, Anna, Mudrak, Oleg (2003) “*Ānt”, in Etymological dictionary of the Altaic languages (Handbuch der Orientalistik; VIII.8)‎[1], Leiden, New York, Köln: E.J. Brill

Danish

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Etymology

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From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, cognate with German Ente, Dutch eend. The Germanic noun derives from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”), which is also the source of Latin anas, Ancient Greek νῆττα (nêtta), Lithuanian ántis, Sanskrit आति (ātí).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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and c (singular definite anden, plural indefinite ænder)

  1. duck
  2. canard (false or misleading report or story)

Declension

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Declension of and
common
gender 		Singular Plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative and anden ænder ænderne
genitive ands andens ænders ændernes

Further reading

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Estonian

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Etymology

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From the root of andma. Cognate with Finnish anti.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ˈɑnʲd̥/, [ˈɑnʲd̥]

Noun

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and (genitive anni, partitive andi)

  1. offering, gift
  2. alms, donation
  3. giftedness, talent
  4. act of giving

Declension

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Declension of and (type paks)
singular plural
nominative and annid
genitive anni andide
partitive andi ande / andisid
illative andi / annisse andidesse
inessive annis andides
elative annist andidest
allative annile andidele
adessive annil andidel
ablative annilt andidelt
translative anniks andideks
terminative annini andideni
essive annina andidena
abessive annita andideta
comitative anniga andidega

Fingallian

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Conjunction

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and

  1. and

Gothic

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Romanization

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and

  1. Romanization of 𐌰𐌽𐌳

Livonian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Proto-Finnic *antadak, from Proto-Uralic *ëmta-.

Pronunciation

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Verb

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and

  1. (Salaca) to give

Middle English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Old English and, ond, end, from Proto-West Germanic *andi, from Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti.

Pronunciation

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Conjunction

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and

  1. and, and then (connects two elements of a sentence)
    • c. 1200, Ormin, “Dedication”, in Ormulum, lines 1–4:
      Nu broþerr Wallterr broþerr min / Affterr þe flæshess kinde / ⁊ broþerr min i Crisstendom / Þurrh fulluhht ⁊ þurrh trowwþe […]
      Now, brother Walter, my brother / by way of blood relation / and my brother in Christendom / through baptising and through faith […]
    • c. 1340, Dan Michel, “Þe oþer Godes Heste”, in Ayenbite of Inwyt:
      Ac þe ilke / þet zuereþ hidousliche be god / oþer by his halȝen / and him to-breȝþ / and zayþ him sclondres / þet ne byeþ naȝt to zigge: þe ilke zeneȝeþ dyadliche […]
      But one who / hideously swears by God / or by his emissaries / and who tears him apart / while saying to him lies / that shouldn't be said: they sin grievously. […]
    • c. 1380, Sir Firumbras, lines 4413–4414:
      "Lordes", quaþ Richard, "Buþ noȝt agast, Ac holdeþ forþ ȝour way / an hast & boldeliche doþ ȝour dede […] "
      "Lords", said Richard, "Don't be frightened, but hold your way forwards / and quickly and boldy do your deed […] "
    • c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.)‎[3], published c. 1410, Apocalips 1:8, page 117v; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:
      ȝhe amen / I am alpha ⁊ oo þe bigynnyng ⁊ þe ende ſeiþ þe loꝛd god þat is / ⁊ þat was. ⁊ that is to comynge almyȝti
      You, Amen! I am Alpha and O, the beginning and the end, says the Lord God; that is, that was, and that which will come, almighty.
    • 1387–1400, [Geoffrey] Chaucer, “Here Bygynneth the Book of the Tales of Caunt́burẏ”, in The Tales of Caunt́bury (Hengwrt Chaucer; Peniarth Manuscript 392D), Aberystwyth, Ceredigion: National Library of Wales, published [c. 1400–1410], →OCLC, folio 2, recto:
      Whan that Auerill wt his shoures soote / The droghte of march hath ꝑced to the roote / And bathed euery veyne in swich lycour / Of which v̄tu engendred is the flour […]
      When that April, with its sweet showers / Has pierced March's drought to the root / And bathed every vein in fluid such that / with its power, the flower is made […]
  2. however, yet, but, though. while
  3. if, supposing that, whether.
  4. (rare) As though, like, in a manner suggesting.

Descendants

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  • English: and
  • Scots: an
  • Yola: an, an', and

References

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Norwegian Bokmål

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Norwegian Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia no

Etymology

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From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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and f or m (definite singular anda or anden, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

  1. a duck
  2. canard (false or misleading report or story)

Derived terms

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References

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Norwegian Nynorsk

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /an(d)/, [ɐ̞nd], [ɐ̞nː]

Etymology 1

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Norwegian Nynorsk Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia nn

From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”).

Alternative forms

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Noun

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and f (definite singular anda, indefinite plural ender, definite plural endene)

  1. a duck (waterbird)
Declension
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  Declension of and (strong consonant-stem)
feminine singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative-accusative and anda ender1 endene1
compound-genitive ande- ― ande- ―
1Plural with tonem 1, stemming from older one-syllable forms.
  Landsmål declension of and (strong consonant-stem)
feminine singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative-accusative and andi ender1 enderna1
dative ― (andenne) ― andom, ondom
compound-genitive andar- ― ande- ―
1Plural with tonem 1, stemming from older one-syllable forms.
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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From Old Norse ǫnd.

Alternative forms

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Noun

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and f (definite singular anda, indefinite plural ander, definite plural andene)

  2. breath, spirit
    Synonyms: ande, pust

Etymology 3

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Verb

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and

  1. imperative of ande

References

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Anagrams

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Old English

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Proto-Germanic *anda, *andi, probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old Frisian and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

Pronunciation

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Conjunction

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and

  1. and
    • 10th century, Exeter Book Riddle 30‎[4]:
      Þonne iċ mec onhebbe ond hī onhnīgaþ tō mē, moniġe mid miltse, þǣr iċ monnum sceal īċan upcyme ēadiġnesse.
      When I raise myself up and they bow down to me, many with mercy, then I shall increase rising of happiness for men.

Synonyms

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Descendants

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Adverb

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and

  1. even; also

Old Frisian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Proto-Germanic *andi, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“facing opposite, near, in front of, before”). Compare Old English and, Old Saxon endi, Old High German unti, Old Norse enn.

Conjunction

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and

  1. and

Descendants

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  • North Frisian: en
  • Saterland Frisian: un
  • West Frisian: en, in

Old Irish

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Etymology

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From Proto-Celtic *andom, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁n̥dó. The adverbial sense of this term is the original one, and it has an etymology independent of i.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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and

  1. third-person singular masculine/neuter dative of hi: in him, in it
    • c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 31b23
      in bélrai .i. is and atá gním tengad isind huiliu labramar-ni
      of speech, i.e. the action of the tongue is in it, in all that we say

Adverb

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and

  1. there
    • c. 850-875, Turin Glosses and Scholia on St Mark, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 484–94, Tur. 110c
      Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑ái fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.
      It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.
  2. then, in that case
    • c. 800, Würzburg Glosses on the Pauline Epistles, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 499–712, Wb. 4a27
      Is and didiu for·téit spiritus ar n-énirti-ni in tain bes n-inun accobor lenn .i. la corp et anim et la spirut.
      So it is then that the spirit helps our weakness when we have the same desire, to wit, body and soul and spirit.

Descendants

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Scots

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Conjunction

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and

  1. Alternative form of an

Usage notes

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  • While and is relatively often written due to English influence, it is seldom pronounced as such, making way for an. [1]

References

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  1. ^ https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/and_conj1

Swedish

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Etymology

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From Old Norse ǫnd, from Proto-Germanic *anadz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂énh₂ts (“duck”).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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and c

  1. a wild duck

Declension

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Declension of and
nominative genitive
singular indefinite and ands
definite anden andens
plural indefinite änder änders
definite änderna ändernas
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See also

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  • anka (domesticated duck)

References

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Anagrams

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Turkish

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Noun

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and

  1. Archaic form of ant (“oath”).

Yola

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Conjunction

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and

  1. Alternative form of an (“and”)
    • 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY:
      Jaude and maude.
      Crowds and throngs.
    • 1867, “THE WEDDEEN O BALLYMORE”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 93:
      "steoute and straung,"
      stout and strong;

References

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  • Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 49

Zealandic

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Etymology

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From Middle Dutch hant, from Old Dutch hant, from Proto-West Germanic *handu.

Noun

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and f (plural [please provide])

  1. hand

Alternative forms

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