Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/andi

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From a full-grade form of Proto-Indo-European *h₂énti (“opposite, in front”), locative of *h₂ent- (“front, forehead”). West Germanic continues an enclitic variant. The forms in *u- may continue the zero grade (genitive singular *h₂n̥tés), but this is uncertain given the enclitic nature of the word and the virtually unlimited variety of attested vowels.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑn.di/

Conjunction

*andi

1. in addition, furthermore, and

See also

• *anda-

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *andi, *and
  • Old English: and, ond, end, ᚪᚾᛞ (and), ᛖᚾᛞ (end) — Franks Casket
    • Middle English: and, annd, ant, an, en, ⁊, &
      • English: and
      • Scots: an
      • Yola: an, an', and
  • Old Frisian: and, ande, ende
    • North Frisian: en
    • Saterland Frisian: un
    • West Frisian: en, in
  • Old Saxon: endi
    • Middle Low German: ende, end, en; unde, und, un; (western also) inde, ind, in; (early) ande
      • Dutch Low Saxon: en, in
      • German Low German: un, on
      • Plautdietsch: un, en
      • → Latvian: un
  • Old Dutch: ande, enda, in, indi, unde
    • Middle Dutch: ende, en, end, enn, enne; (early) inde; (very rare) unde, ande
      • Dutch: en, ende (archaic)
        • Afrikaans: en
        • Berbice Creole Dutch: an
        • Jersey Dutch: en
        • Negerhollands: en, an
        • Petjo: en
        • Sranan Tongo: èn
      • Limburgish: ènde, ènd, èn, è
  • Old High German: unti, unta, unte, unda, undi, unde, un; anti, and; enti, endi, end; inti, indi, int, in
    • Middle High German: unde, unt, und, unn; onde, ont; (Central Franconian) inde
      • Bavarian: und
        • Cimbrian: un
        • Mòcheno: ont
      • Central Franconian: en, an (< inde), on, un (< unde, now predominant, originally south-eastern)
        • Hunsrik: un
        • Luxembourgish: an
      • German: und
      • Rhine Franconian: un, on
        • Pennsylvania German: un
      • Yiddish: און (un)
• Proto-Norse: (from *anþi)
  • Old Norse: en
    • Icelandic: en
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: enn, en
    • Norwegian Bokmål: enn
    • Old Swedish: æn
      • Swedish: än
    • Danish: end
  • Old Norse: enn
    • Icelandic: enn
    • Faroese: enn
    • Norwegian: enn
    • Old Swedish: æn
      • Swedish: än
    • Danish: end
• → Proto-Finnic:
  • Estonian: ent
  • Finnish: entä
  • Ingrian: entä

Further reading

• Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎^[2], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN