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敢

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
敢 U+6562, 敢
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6562
← 敡
[U+6561] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 散 →
[U+6563]

Translingual

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Stroke order
Mainland China

Alternative forms

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  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing 新字形), the upper left component is written 乛 (one stroke).
  • In other regions, the upper left component is written 丅 (two strokes) which is the orthodox form found in the Kangxi dictionary.

Han character

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敢 (Kangxi radical 66, 攴+8, 12 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 11 strokes in mainland China, cangjie input 弓十人大 (NJOK) or 一十人大 (MJOK), four-corner 18140 or 18440, composition ⿰⿱乛耳攵(G) or ⿰⿱丅耳攵(HTJKV))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 472, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 13260
  • Dae Jaweon: page 825, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1463, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+6562

Chinese

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trad. 敢
simp. # 敢
2nd round simp. 攼
alternative forms 𢼿
𢽤
𢽿

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (敢) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
撖 *kʰɯːm, *kʰreːmʔ, *ɡraːmʔ
澉 *l̥ʰaːms, *klaːmʔ
噉 *l'aːmʔ
敢 *klaːmʔ
橄 *klaːmʔ
瞰 *kʰlaːms
闞 *kʰlaːms, *qʰreːmʔ, *hŋraːms
憨 *qʰaːm, *qʰlaːms
譀 *qʰlaːms, *qʰraːms, *qʰraːb
巖 *ŋraːm
礹 *ŋraːm, *ŋamʔ
豃 *qʰraːmʔ
讝 *kjam
玁 *hŋramʔ
嚴 *ŋam
儼 *ŋamʔ
曮 *ŋamʔ
釅 *ŋams

In oracle bone script, ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : Two hands 廾 holding a weapon 干 hunting a wild boar 豕.

In the Zhou dynasty one of the hands was removed and a phonetic component 甘 (OC *kaːm) was added. The boar shape got progressively corrupted until it looked like a hand 彐, thus obtaining the very old and rather conservative variant 𢼿.

The sound component 甘 and the weapon 干 stylized and merged into 古, leading to the seal script form 𢽤. Then, the wild boar on top stylized into 爫, thus obtaining 𠭖.

Eventually, the left half corrupted further into the traditional version ⿱丅耳, which was then stylized.

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m-wam (“to dare”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT).

Pronunciation

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Note: Southern Sixian kam - variant used for the rhetorical/interrogative adverb.
Note:
  • káⁿ - vernacular (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou);
  • kám - literary (including the rhetorical adverb and "perhaps" in Xiamen, as well as the rhetorical/interrogative adverb in Taiwan);
  • kiám/kán - variants used for the rhetorical adverb.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 敢
Mandarin Beijing /kan²¹⁴/
Harbin /kan²¹³/
Tianjin /kan¹³/
Jinan /kã⁵⁵/
Qingdao /kã⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /kan⁵³/
Xi'an /kã⁵³/
Xining /kã⁵³/
Yinchuan /kan⁵³/
Lanzhou /kɛ̃n⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /kan⁵¹/
Wuhan /kan⁴²/
Chengdu /kan⁵³/
Guiyang /kan⁴²/
Kunming /kã̠⁵³/
Nanjing /kaŋ²¹²/
Hefei /kæ̃²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /kæ̃⁵³/
Pingyao /kɑŋ⁵³/
Hohhot /kæ̃⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /kø³⁵/
Suzhou /kø⁵¹/
Hangzhou /kẽ̞⁵³/
Wenzhou /ky³⁵/
Hui Shexian /kɛ³⁵/
Tunxi /kɛ³¹/
Xiang Changsha /kan⁴¹/
Xiangtan /kan⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /kɵn²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /kam³¹/
Taoyuan /kɑm³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐm³⁵/
Nanning /kam³⁵/
Hong Kong /kɐm³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kam⁵³/
/kã⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kaŋ³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kɔŋ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /kã⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ka²¹³/
Rime
Character 敢
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 談 (143)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古覽切
Baxter kamX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kɑmX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kɑmX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɑmX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kamX/
Li
Rong 		/kɑmX/
Wang
Li 		/kɑmX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kɑmX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gǎn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gam2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 敢
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gǎn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kamX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ˁamʔ/
English dare

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 敢
Reading # 1/1
No. 3674
Phonetic
component 		敢
Rime
group 		談
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		敢
Old
Chinese 		/*klaːmʔ/
Notes 說文從爪又，古聲，金文從爭甘聲，
此爲隸變

Definitions

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敢

  1. bold; brave; daring
  2. to dare (to); to venture (to)
    我們必須敢想，敢說，敢幹。 [MSC, trad.]
    我们必须敢想，敢说，敢干。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒmen bìxū gǎn xiǎng, gǎn shuō, gǎn gàn. [Pinyin]
    We must dare to think, speak up and act.
    他不敢正眼看她。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Tā bù gǎn zhèng yǎnkàn tā. [Pinyin]
    He didn't dare to look at her in the face.
    在那個風雨交加的夜晚，很少有人敢出去。 [MSC, trad.]
    在那个风雨交加的夜晚，很少有人敢出去。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zài nà ge fēngyǔ jiāojiā de yèwǎn, hěn shào yǒurén gǎn chūqù. [Pinyin]
    Very few people ventured to go out on that stormy night.
  3. to be sure; to be certain; to bet; to presume
    敢肯定  ―  gǎn kěndìng  ―  to be sure, to be certain
    敢說／敢说  ―  gǎn shuō  ―  to be sure, to be certain
    我敢說你解決不了這個難題。 [MSC, trad.]
    我敢说你解决不了这个难题。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ gǎn shuō nǐ jiějuébuliǎo zhè ge nántí. [Pinyin]
    I bet you can't do this puzzle.
  4. (polite) may I venture
    敢問／敢问  ―  gǎn wèn  ―  may I ask
  5. (literary or Hokkien, Teochew, Taiwanese Hakka, rhetorical question) can it be possible that; how
    Alternative form: 豈 / 岂
    敢通按呢？ [Taiwanese Hokkien]  ―  Kám thang án-ne? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  How could it be like this?
  6. (archaic or Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien) perhaps
  7. (Taiwanese Hokkien, Taiwanese Hakka) Interrogative adverb, placed before the verb to create a yes-no question.
    Alternative forms: 咁, 甘, 干
    你敢有閒？／你敢有闲？ [Taiwanese Hokkien]  ―  Lí kám ū-êng? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  Are you free?

Synonyms

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  • (can it be possible that):
Dialectal synonyms of 難道 (“could it be that; is it possible that”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 莫非, 豈, 莫不是
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 莫非, 豈, 難道, 莫不是
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 難道, 難不成, 甭
Taiwan 難道, 難不成
Central Plains Mandarin Xuzhou 難說
Cantonese Guangzhou 唔通
Hong Kong 唔通
Taishan 唔成, 敢係, 唔得旨, 毋旨, 毋旨估
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 無成, 敢講, 敢係
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 無成, 敢講, 敢係
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 無成, 敢講, 敢係
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 無成, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 無成, 毋成, 敢講, 敢係
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 無敢, 敢講, 敢會, 敢係
Southern Min Xiamen 敢, 總無
Quanzhou 敢, 總無, 攏無
Zhangzhou 敢, 總無
Tainan 敢
Manila (Hokkien) 敢
Shantou 未是
Jieyang 未是, 敢, 敢是
Wu Shanghai 只勿
Shanghai (Chongming) 難算得
Xiang Changsha 冇過

See also

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Compounds

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Descendants

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  • → Zhuang: gamj

Further reading

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Japanese

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Kanji

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敢

(Jōyō kanji)

  1. daring, brave, bold
  2. sad, tragic, pitiful

Readings

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Etymology

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Kanji in this term
敢
かん
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 敢 (MC kamX).

Pronunciation

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Affix

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敢(かん) • (kan) 

  1. daring; brave; bold

Derived terms

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Derived terms

Korean

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Hanja

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敢 (eumhun 감히 감 (gamhi gam))

  1. hanja form? of 감 (“dare”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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敢: Hán Nôm readings: cám, cảm, dám

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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