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通

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
通 U+901A, 通
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-901A
← 這
[U+9019] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 逛 →
[U+901B]

Translingual

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Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character

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通 (Kangxi radical 162, 辵+7, 10 strokes, cangjie input 卜弓戈月 (YNIB), four-corner 37302, composition ⿺辶甬)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1258, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 38892
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1743, character 18
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3845, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+901A

Chinese

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Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (用) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
通 *l̥ʰoːŋ
俑 *l̥ʰoːŋ, *loŋʔ
蓪 *l̥ʰoːŋ
桶 *l̥ʰoːŋʔ, *l'oːŋʔ
捅 *l̥ʰoːŋʔ
痛 *l̥ʰoːŋs
筩 *l'oːŋ
誦 *ljoŋs
傭 *l̥ʰoŋ, *loŋ
慵 *ɦljoŋ
鱅 *ɦljoŋ, *loŋ
滽 *loŋ
墉 *loŋ
鏞 *loŋ
鄘 *loŋ
槦 *loŋ
銿 *loŋ
甬 *loŋʔ
勇 *loŋʔ
涌 *loŋʔ
踊 *loŋʔ
蛹 *loŋʔ
恿 *loŋʔ
慂 *loŋʔ
悀 *loŋʔ
埇 *loŋʔ
踴 *loŋʔ
庸 *loŋ
用 *loŋs
佣 *loŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *l̥ʰoːŋ) : semantic 辶 + phonetic 甬 (OC *loŋʔ).

Etymology 1

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trad. 通
simp. # 通

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • tĕ̤ng - vernacular;
  • tŭng - literary.
Note:
  • tang1 - vernacular;
  • torng1 - literary.
Note:
  • thang - vernacular ("can, may");
  • thong - literary ("to be clear, clear, to clear, entire, clearly").
Note:
  • tang1 - vernacular;
  • tong1 - literary.
Rime
Character 通
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 透 (6)
Final (韻) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 他紅切
Baxter thuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tʰuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tʰuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/tʰuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/tʰəwŋ/
Li
Rong 		/tʰuŋ/
Wang
Li 		/tʰuŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/tʰuŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		tōng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		tung1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 通
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		tōng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ thuwng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*l̥ˁoŋ/
English penetrate

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 通
Reading # 1/1
No. 15428
Phonetic
component 		用
Rime
group 		東
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		通
Old
Chinese 		/*l̥ʰoːŋ/

Definitions

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通

  1. to pass through; to travel through; to go through; or, to allow passage
    通心粉  ―  tōngxīnfěn  ―  macaroni (lit. "pass-through heart pasta")
    行不通  ―  xíngbùtōng  ―  to be not feasible
    此路不通  ―  cǐ lù bùtōng  ―  No passing road.
    結束了沿線八個縣不通鐵路的歷史。 [MSC, trad.]
    结束了沿线八个县不通铁路的历史。 [MSC, simp.]
    Jiéshù le yánxiàn bā ge xiàn bù tōng tiělù de lìshǐ. [Pinyin]
    Ending the history of railroads not passing through these eight counties.
    1. (telephony) to get through
      我打咗幾次都打唔通。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      我打咗几次都打唔通。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      ngo5 daa2 zo2 gei2 ci3 dou1 daa2 m4 tung1. [Jyutping]
      I tried to call several times but couldn't get through.
  2. to open up; to clear out; to unblock
    條去水喉塞咗，要搵人嚟通返佢。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    条去水喉塞咗，要揾人嚟通返佢。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    tiu4 heoi3 seoi2 hau4 coi3 zo2, jiu3 wan2 jan4 lai4 tung1 faan1 keoi5. [Jyutping]
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  3. to lead to; to go to
  4. to understand; to know
    通英語／通英语  ―  tōng yīngyǔ  ―  to speak English
    不通人情  ―  bùtōngrénqíng  ―  to be unreasonable
  5. to connect; to communicate
    通商  ―  tōngshāng  ―  to have trade relations
    兩間房係咪通㗎？ [Cantonese, trad.]
    两间房系咪通㗎？ [Cantonese, simp.]
    loeng5 gaan1 fong4-2 hai6 mai6 tung1 gaa3? [Jyutping]
    Do the two rooms connect?
  6. to notify; to tell
    通報／通报  ―  tōngbào  ―  to notify
    通個電話／通个电话  ―  tōng ge diànhuà  ―  to give someone a call
  7. logical; coherent
    講唔通／讲唔通 [Cantonese]  ―  gong2 m4 tung1 [Jyutping]  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  8. expert
    中國通／中国通  ―  zhōngguótōng  ―  one who knows China very much
  9. (of Chinese characters) to be etymologically related to and carry a similar meaning to
    ……通「國」／……通「国」  ―  ...... tōng “guó”  ―  … is the same as "國 / 国 (guó)"
  10. general; common
    通稱／通称  ―  tōngchēng  ―  to be generally known as
    通病  ―  tōngbìng  ―  common failing
  11. whole; entire
    通夜  ―  tōngyè  ―  whole night
  12. (Cantonese) pipe-shaped object
    鐵通／铁通 [Cantonese]  ―  tit3 tung1 [Jyutping]  ―  iron pipe
  13. (Cantonese) Short for 通心粉 (“macaroni”).
    腿通 [Cantonese]  ―  teoi2 tung1 [Jyutping]  ―  macaroni with ham
  14. (literary) Classifier for phone calls, letters, telegrams, etc..
    一通電報／一通电报  ―  yī tōng diànbào  ―  one telegram
  15. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) very; most; clearly
  16. (Southern Min) can; may
    alt. forms: 可, 倘
    這通食無？／这通食无？ [Hokkien]  ―  Che thang chia̍h--bô? [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  Can this be eaten?
Synonyms
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  • (telephony: to get through): 入 (rù)
  • (macaroni):
Dialectal synonyms of 通心粉 (“macaroni”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 通心粉, 通心麵
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 通心麵
Cantonese Guangzhou 通心粉
Hong Kong 通心粉, 通粉, 通 short form only in compounds
Wu Shanghai 通心粉, 意心粉, 意粉

Compounds

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Further reading

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Etymology 2

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trad. 通
simp. # 通

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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通

  1. Classifier for rolls of the drum.
  2. Classifier for actions.
    胡說一通／胡说一通  ―  húshuō yī tòng  ―  to talk a heap of nonsense
    發了一通牢騷／发了一通牢骚  ―  fā le yī tòng láosāo  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Etymology 3

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trad. 通
simp. # 通
alternative forms 透
疼 Hokkien
迵 Hokkien
亙／亘 Teochew

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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通

  1. (Southern Min) to lead to
  2. (Hokkien) to go through; to penetrate
  3. (Teochew) to be proficient in
  4. (Hokkien, as a complement) complete; comprehensive
  5. (Southern Min) throughout
    規年通天 [Hokkien, trad.]
    规年通天 [Hokkien, simp.]
    kui-nî-thàng-thiⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    throughout the year
    亙日／亘日 [Teochew]  ―  tang3 rig8 [Peng'im]  ―  whole day

Further reading

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Japanese

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Shinjitai 通
Kyūjitai
[1]
通󠄁
通+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
通󠄃
通+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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通

(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. pass through

Readings

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Compounds

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Counter

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通(つう) • (-tsū) 

  1. documents
    証(しょう)書(しょ)一(いっ)通(つう)
    shōsho ittsū
    one certificate

Noun

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通(つう) • (tsū) 

  1. authority, expert, connoisseur
    支(し)那(な)通(つう)
    shinatsū
    China hand

Proper noun

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通(とおる) • (Tōru) 

  1. a male given name

References

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  1. ^ “通”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2024

Korean

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Hanja

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通 (eumhun 통할 통 (tonghal tong))

  1. hanja form? of 통 (“pass through”)

Vietnamese

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Han character

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通: Hán Việt readings: thông (他(tha)東(đông)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
通: Nôm readings: thong[1][2][3][6][4][5][7], thông[1][2][4][7], thồng[5], thỗng[5]

  1. chữ Hán form of thông (“to go through; to pass through”).
  2. chữ Hán form of thông (“to clear off; to unchoke; to unclog”).
  3. chữ Hán form of thông (“to be familiar with; to master; to be fluent or conversant”).
  4. Nôm form of thong (“clear; open; having a passage through”).
  5. Nôm form of thong (“to communicate”).

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Hồ (1976).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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