流通

Chinese

		to flow; to spread; to circulate to flow; to spread; to circulate; to move	go through; know well; to connect go through; know well; to connect; to communicate; open
trad. (流通)		流	通
simp. #(流通)		流	通

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): liútōng

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄊㄨㄥ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lau⁴ tung¹

• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): liù-thung
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): liû-thong

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: liútōng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄡˊ ㄊㄨㄥ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lióutong
    • Wade–Giles: liu²-tʻung¹
    • Yale: lyóu-tūng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lioutong
    • Palladius: лютун (ljutun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /li̯oʊ̯³⁵ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: lau⁴ tung¹
    • Yale: làuh tūng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lau⁴ tung¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: leo⁴ tung¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɐu̯²¹ tʰʊŋ⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liù-thung
    • Hakka Romanization System: liu^ˇ tung
    • Hagfa Pinyim: liu² tung⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /li̯u¹¹ tʰuŋ⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liû-thong
    • Tâi-lô: liû-thong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liu'tofng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /liu²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liu²⁴⁻²² tʰɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /liu¹³⁻²² tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /liu²⁴⁻¹¹ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /liu²³⁻³³ tʰɔŋ⁴⁴/

Verb

流通

1. (of currency, blood vessels, air, goods, etc.) to circulate

   空氣流通／空气流通  ―  kōngqì liútōng  ―  air circulation; ventilation

   退出流通  ―  tuìchū liútōng  ―  to be withdrawn from circulation; to be out of circulation

Japanese

Kanji in this term
流	通
りゅう Grade: 3	つう Grade: 2
on'yomi

Noun

流(りゅう)通(つう) • (ryūtsū) 

1. circulation (of money or information)
2. distribution

Verb

流(りゅう)通(つう)する • (ryūtsū suru) intransitive suru (stem 流(りゅう)通(つう)し (ryūtsū shi), past 流(りゅう)通(つう)した (ryūtsū shita))

1. circulate
2. distribute
3. be negotiable

Conjugation

Conjugation of "流通する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	流通し	りゅうつうし	ryūtsū shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	流通し	りゅうつうし	ryūtsū shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	流通する	りゅうつうする	ryūtsū suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	流通する	りゅうつうする	ryūtsū suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	流通すれ	りゅうつうすれ	ryūtsū sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	流通せよ¹ 流通しろ²	りゅうつうせよ¹ りゅうつうしろ²	ryūtsū seyo¹ ryūtsū shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	流通される	りゅうつうされる	ryūtsū sareru
Causative	流通させる 流通さす	りゅうつうさせる りゅうつうさす	ryūtsū saseru ryūtsū sasu
Potential	流通できる	りゅうつうできる	ryūtsū dekiru
Volitional	流通しよう	りゅうつうしよう	ryūtsū shiyō
Negative	流通しない	りゅうつうしない	ryūtsū shinai
Negative continuative	流通せず	りゅうつうせず	ryūtsū sezu
Formal	流通します	りゅうつうします	ryūtsū shimasu
Perfective	流通した	りゅうつうした	ryūtsū shita
Conjunctive	流通して	りゅうつうして	ryūtsū shite
Hypothetical conditional	流通すれば	りゅうつうすれば	ryūtsū sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

Korean

Hanja in this term
流	通

Noun

流通 • (yutong) (hangeul 유통)

1. hanja form^? of 유통 (“circulation”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
流	通

Verb

流通

1. chữ Hán form of lưu thông (“to circulate; to flow through”).