dare

See also: Dare, DARE, daré, darė, darë, dåre, and даре

English

Pronunciation

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA^(key): /dɛə(ɹ)/
• (General American) IPA^(key): /dɛ(ə)ɹ/

• Audio (US):

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɛə(ɹ)

Etymology 1

From Middle English durren, from Old English durran, from Proto-West Germanic *durʀan, from Proto-Germanic *durzaną (“to dare”), from Proto-Indo-European *dʰedʰórse (“to dare”), reduplicated stative of the root *dʰers- (“to be bold, to dare”), an *-s- extension of *dʰer- (“to hold, support”).

Cognates

Cognate with Low German dören, Dutch durven, German turren, Sanskrit दधर्ष (dadhárṣa), but also with Ancient Greek θρασύς (thrasús), Albanian nder, Lithuanian drįsti, Russian дерза́ть (derzátʹ).

Verb

dare (third-person singular simple present dare or dares or (archaic) dast, present participle daring, simple past and past participle dared or (archaic) durst)

1. (intransitive) To have enough courage (to do something).

   I wouldn't dare (to) argue with my boss.

   • 1611 April (first recorded performance), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Cymbeline”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

     The fellow dares not deceive me.

   • 1832, Thomas Macaulay, Parliamentary Reform:

     Why then did not the ministers use their new law? Because they durst not, because they could not.

2. (transitive) To defy or challenge (someone to do something)

   I dare you to kiss that girl.

3. (transitive) To have enough courage to meet or do something, go somewhere, etc.; to face up to

   Will you dare death to reach your goal?

   • 1886, Clarence King, The Century:

     To wrest it from barbarism, to dare its solitudes.

4. (transitive) To terrify; to daunt.
   • c. 1608–1611, Francis Beaumont, John Fletcher, “The Maid’s Tragedy”, in Comedies and Tragedies […], London: […] Humphrey Robinson, […], and for Humphrey Moseley […], published 1679, →OCLC, Act IV, scene i:

     For I have done those follies, those mad mischiefs, Would dare a woman.

5. (transitive) To catch (larks) by producing terror through the use of mirrors, scarlet cloth, a hawk, etc., so that they lie still till a net is thrown over them.
   • 1613 (date written), William Shakespeare, [John Fletcher], “The Famous History of the Life of King Henry the Eight”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, (please specify the act number in uppercase Roman numerals, and the scene number in lowercase Roman numerals):

     dare us, like larks

Usage notes

• Dare is a semimodal verb. When used as an auxiliary, the speaker can choose whether to use do-support and the auxiliary "to" when forming negative and interrogative sentences. For example, "I don't dare (to) go", "I dare not go", "I didn't dare (to) go", and "I dared not go" are all correct. Similarly "Dare you go?", "Do you dare (to) go?", "Dared you go?", and "Did you dare (to) go?" are all correct. When not an auxiliary verb, it is different: "I dared him to do it." usually is not written as "I dared him do it.", and "Did you dare him to do it?" is almost never written as "Dared you him do it?"
• In negative and interrogative sentences where "do" is not used, the third-person singular form of the verb is usually "dare" and not "dares": "Dare he go? He dare not go."
• Colloquially, "dare not" can be contracted to "daren't". According to the Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, "daren’t" is used occasionally in ordinary past time contexts (Kim daren’t tell them so I had to do it myself).
• Rare regional forms dassn't and dasn't also exist in the present tense, and archaic forms dursn't and durstn't in the past tense.
• The expression dare say, used almost exclusively in the first-person singular and in the present tense, means "think probable". It is also spelt daresay.
• Historically, the simple past of dare was durst. In the first half of the 19th century it was overtaken by dared, which has been markedly more common ever since.

Derived terms

• bedare
• daredevil
• daren't
• darer
• daresay, dare say, dare-say
• dare-saying
• daresn't
• daresome
• daring
• dassn't, dasn't
• double dare
• double dog dare
• how dare you, how very dare you
• I dare be bound
• outdare
• overdare
• triple dog dare
• undared

Translations

to have courage

• Afrikaans: durf
• Arabic: جَرُؤَ (jaruʔa)
• Aromanian: cutedz, dãldãsescu, cãidisescu, dãvrãnsescu
• Azerbaijani: cəsarət etmək
• Basque: ausartu
• Belarusian: смець impf (smjecʹ), адва́жвацца impf (advážvacca), адва́жыцца pf (advážycca)
• Bulgarian: смея (bg) (smeja), дръзвам (bg) (drǎzvam)
• Catalan: gosar (ca), atrevir-se (ca)
• Chinese:

  Hokkien: káⁿ

  Mandarin: 敢 (zh) (gǎn), 膽敢／胆敢 (zh) (dǎngǎn)

• Czech: odvážit se, troufat si
• Danish: turde (da), vove (da)
• Dutch: durven (nl), wagen (nl)
• Esperanto: aŭdaci
• Finnish: uskaltaa (fi)
• French: oser (fr)
• Friulian: olsâ
• German: wagen (de)
• Gothic: 𐌲𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍃𐌰𐌽 (gadaursan), 𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌰𐌽𐌸𐌾𐌰𐌽 (anananþjan)
• Greek: τολμώ (el) (tolmó)

  Ancient: τολμάω (tolmáō)

• Hebrew: הֵעֵז (he) (he'éz)
• Hungarian: mer (hu), merészel (hu)
• Icelandic: þora
• Ido: audacar (io)
• Ingrian: usaltaa, tohtia, roohtia
• Interlingua: osar
• Irish: leomh

  Old Irish: ro·laimethar

• Italian: osare (it), azzardarsi (it)
• Japanese: 敢えてする (あえてする, aete-suru), 思い切ってする (おもいきってする, omoikitte-suru)
• Kurdish:

  Northern Kurdish: wêrîn (ku)

• Latin: audeō (la)
• Latvian: drīkstēt
• Malay: berani
• Ngazidja Comorian: usuɓuti
• North Frisian: däär (Föhr-Amrum), döre (Mooring)
• Norwegian: våge, tore (no)
• Occitan: ausar (oc)
• Old Church Slavonic: дръзнѫти pf (drŭznǫti)
• Old English: durran
• Persian: جرأت کردن (jor'at kardan)
• Polish: śmieć (pl) impf, odważać się impf, odważyć się pf
• Portuguese: ousar (pt), atrever-se a
• Romanian: îndrăzni (ro), încumeta (ro), cuteza (ro)
• Russian: сметь (ru) impf (smetʹ), посме́ть (ru) pf (posmétʹ), осме́ливаться (ru) impf (osmélivatʹsja), осме́литься (ru) pf (osmélitʹsja), отва́живаться (ru) impf (otváživatʹsja), отва́житься (ru) pf (otvážitʹsja), дерза́ть (ru) impf (derzátʹ), дерзну́ть (ru) pf (derznútʹ)
• Sanskrit: धृष्णोति (sa) (dhṛṣṇoti)
• Sicilian: attriviri (scn)
• Sinhalese: නිර්භීත (nirbhīta)
• Slovak: odvážiť sa
• Slovene: upati si
• Spanish: osar (es), atreverse (es), animarse (es), denodarse (es)
• Swahili: -thubutu
• Swedish: våga (sv), töras (sv), tordas (sv)
• Ukrainian: смі́ти impf (smíty), дерза́ти impf (derzáty), нава́жуватися impf (navážuvatysja), нава́житися pf (navážytysja)
• Venetan: olsar, onsar
• Vietnamese: dám (vi)
• West Frisian: doare

to defy or challenge

• Afrikaans: daag (af), uitdaag
• Arabic: تَحَدَّى (taḥaddā)
• Bulgarian: предизвиквам (bg) (predizvikvam)
• Czech: vyzvat (cs)
• Dutch: uitdagen (nl), tarten (nl)
• Finnish: haastaa (fi)
• French: défier (fr)
• German: herausfordern (de), trotzen (de)
• Hungarian: kihív (hu), fogad, hogy X nem mer (literally “to bet X doesn't dare”), biztat (hu), bujtogat (hu), provokál (hu)
• Interlingua: defiar
• Irish: tabhair dúshlán
• Italian: sfidare (it)
• Latin: audeō (la)
• Malay: cabar (ms)
• Norwegian: utfordre
• Polish: wyzywać (pl) impf, wyzwać pf
• Portuguese: desafiar (pt)
• Russian: броса́ть вы́зов (ru) (brosátʹ výzov), подзадо́ривать (ru) impf (podzadórivatʹ), подзадо́рить (ru) pf (podzadóritʹ)
• Spanish: desafiar (es), retar (es)
• Swedish: utmana (sv)
• Vietnamese: thách (vi)
• Welsh: beiddio (cy), meiddio (cy)

to brave or face up to

• Afrikaans: waag (af)
• Arabic: وَاجَهَ (wājaha)
• Bulgarian: осмелявам се (osmeljavam se)
• Chinese:

  Mandarin: 冒險／冒险 (zh) (màoxiǎn)

• Czech: riskovat (cs), odvažovat se
• Dutch: riskeren (nl), wagen (nl)
• Finnish: uhmata (fi)
• French: affronter (fr)
• German: riskieren (de)
• Hungarian: dacol (hu)
• Italian: affrontare (it)
• Japanese: 冒す (ja) (おかす, okasu), 堪える (ja) (こたえる, kotaeru)
• Latin: audeo (la)
• Norwegian: risikere
• Persian: جرأت داشتن (jor'at dâštan)
• Polish: ośmielać się impf, ośmielić się pf
• Portuguese: enfrentar (pt)
• Russian: сме́ло смотре́ть в лицо́ (smélo smotrétʹ v licó), рискова́ть (ru) impf (riskovátʹ), рискну́ть (ru) pf (risknútʹ)
• Spanish: afrontar (es), enfrentar (es)
• Swedish: riskera (sv)

The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.

Translations to be checked

• Esperanto: ^{(please verify)} kuraĝi

See also

• Appendix:English modal verbs

Noun

dare (plural dares)

1. A challenge to prove courage.
2. The quality of daring; venturesomeness; boldness.
   • c. 1597 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Fourth, […]”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

     It lends a lustre […] / A large dare to our great enterprise.

3. Defiance; challenge.
   • [1611?], Homer, “(please specify |book=I to XXIV)”, in Geo[rge] Chapman, transl., The Iliads of Homer Prince of Poets. […], London: […] Nathaniell Butter, →OCLC; republished as The Iliads of Homer, Prince of Poets, […], new edition, volume (please specify the book number), London: Charles Knight and Co., […], 1843, →OCLC:

     Childish, unworthy dares / Are not enough to part our powers.

     The spelling has been modernized.

   • c. 1606–1607 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Anthonie and Cleopatra”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii]:

     Sextus Pompeius / Hath given the dare to Caesar.

4. (games) In the game truth or dare, the choice to perform a dare set by the other players.

   When asked truth or dare, she picked dare.

Derived terms

• dairous
• dareful

Translations

a challenge

• Afrikaans: uitdaging
• Bulgarian: предизвикателство (bg) n (predizvikatelstvo)
• Dutch: uitdaging (nl) f
• Finnish: haaste (fi)
• French: défi (fr) m
• German: Mutprobe (de)
• Indonesian: jurit malam
• Interlingua: defia
• Irish: dúshlán m
• Italian: sfida (it) f
• Japanese: 肝試し (kimodameshi), 試胆会 (shitankai)
• Norwegian: utfordring (no)
• Portuguese: desafio (pt)
• Spanish: desafío (es), reto (es)

Etymology 2

From Middle English daren, from Old English darian.

Verb

dare (third-person singular simple present dares, present participle daring, simple past and past participle dared)

1. (obsolete) To stare stupidly or vacantly; to gaze as though amazed or terrified. [16^thc.]
2. (obsolete) To lie or crouch down in fear. [16^thc.]

Etymology 3

Noun

dare (plural dares)

1. A small fish, the dace
   • 1766, Richard Brookes, The art of angling, rock and sea-fishing:

     The Dare is not unlike a Chub, but proportionably less; his Body is more white and flatter, and his Tail more forked.

Anagrams

• 'eard, Dear, Rade, Read, Reda, ared, dear, rade, read

Crimean Tatar

Noun

dare

1. (music) tambourine

Czech

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdarɛ]

Noun

dare

1. vocative singular of dar

French

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /daʁ/

• Audio:

  (file)

Interjection

dare

1. quick

Related terms

• dare-dare

Italian

Etymology

From Latin dare, from Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈda.re/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -are
• Hyphenation: dà‧re

Verb

dàre (first-person singular present (with syntactic gemination after the verb) dò, first-person singular past historic dièdi or diédi or détti or (traditional) dètti, past participle dàto, first-person singular future darò, first-person singular subjunctive dìa, first-person singular imperfect subjunctive déssi, second-person singular imperative dài or dà', auxiliary avére) (transitive)

1. to give (to transfer the possession/holding of something to someone else)
2. to yield, to bear, to produce, to return
3. (ditransitive) to name, to call, to refer to [with del] [with al]

   il bue che dà del cornuto all'asino ― the pot calling the kettle black (literally, “the ox calling the donkey horned”)

   dare del tu ― to thou

4. (transitive, vulgar, slang) chiefly in the form darla: acquiesce to a sexual intercourse

Usage notes

• It is customary to write a grave accent on some forms of the indicative present, to distinguish them from homographs:
  • compulsory dò (I give), contrasting with do (C musical note)
  • rarely dài (you give), contrasting with dai (from the)
  • compulsory dà (he/she/it gives), contrasting with da (from)
  • rarely dànno (they give), contrasting with danno (damage)
• The imperative forms of the second-person singular are compounded with pronouns as follows:
  • da' + ci → dacci
    • ... + lo → daccelo
    • ... + la → dacceli
    • ... + le → daccele
    • ... + ne → daccene
  • da' + gli → dagli
  • da' + gli/le + la → dagliela
  • da' + gli/le + le → dagliele
  • da' + gli/le + li → daglieli
  • da' + gli/le + lo → daglielo
  • da' + gli/le + ne → dagliene
  • da' + le → dalle
  • da' + mi → dammi
    • ... + lo → dammelo
    • ... + la → dammeli
    • ... + le → dammele
    • ... + ne → dammene

Conjugation

    Conjugation of dàre (-are; irregular) (See Appendix:Italian verbs)

infinitive	dàre
auxiliary verb		avére	gerund		dàndo
present participle		dànte	past participle		dàto
person	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	dò1	dài	dà1,2	diàmo	dàte	dànno
imperfect	dàvo	dàvi	dàva	davàmo	davàte	dàvano
past historic	dièdi, diédi, détti, dètti3	désti	diède, diéde, détte, dètte3	démmo	déste	dièdero, diédero, déttero, dèttero3
future	darò	darài	darà	darémo	daréte	darànno
conditional	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	darèi	darésti	darèbbe, darébbe	darémmo	daréste	darèbbero, darébbero
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	dìa	dìa	dìa	diàmo	diàte	dìano
imperfect	déssi	déssi	désse	déssimo	déste	déssero
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
		dài, dà'	dìa	diàmo	dàte	dìano
negative imperative		non dàre	non dìa	non diàmo	non dàte	non dìano

¹With syntactic gemination after the verb.
²With written accent.
³Traditional.

Including lesser-used forms:

    Conjugation of dàre (-are; irregular) (See Appendix:Italian verbs)

infinitive	dàre
auxiliary verb		avére	gerund		dàndo
present participle		dànte	past participle		dàto
person	singular			plural
	first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	dò1	dài	dà1,2	diàmo	dàte	dànno
imperfect	dàvo	dàvi	dàva	davàmo	davàte	dàvano
past historic	dièdi, diédi, détti, dètti4	désti	diède, diéde, détte, dètte4, diè5	démmo	déste	dièdero, diédero, déttero, dèttero4, dièro5
future	darò	darài	darà	darémo	daréte	darànno
conditional	io	tu	lui/lei, esso/essa	noi	voi	loro, essi/esse
present	darèi	darésti	darèbbe, darébbe	darémmo	daréste	darèbbero, darébbero
subjunctive	che io	che tu	che lui/che lei, che esso/che essa	che noi	che voi	che loro, che essi/che esse
present	dìa	dìa	dìa	diàmo	diàte	dìano
imperfect	déssi	déssi	désse	déssimo	déste	déssero
imperative	—	tu	Lei	noi	voi	Loro
		dài, dà', dà1,2,3	dìa	diàmo	dàte	dìano
negative imperative		non dàre	non dìa	non diàmo	non dàte	non dìano

¹With syntactic gemination after the verb.
²With written accent.
³Disused.
⁴Traditional.
⁵Poetic.

Derived terms

• dare alla luce
• dare gas
• dare il benservito
• dare il la
• dare per scontato
• dare spettacolo
• dare un'occhiata
• dare via
• darsela
• darsele
• darsi
• data
• dato
• datore
• ridare

 

Noun

dare m (plural dari)

1. debit

Anagrams

• arde, rade, reda

Japanese

Romanization

dare

1. Rōmaji transcription of だれ

Latin

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /ˈda.re/, [ˈd̪ärɛ]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /ˈda.re/, [ˈd̪äːre]

Verb

dare

1. inflection of dō:
   1. present active infinitive
   2. second-person singular present passive imperative

Leonese

Etymology

From Latin dare, present active infinitive of dō, from Proto-Italic *didō, from Proto-Indo-European *dédeh₃ti, from the root *deh₃- (“give”).

Verb

dare

1. to give

References

• AEDLL

Norman

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

dare ? (plural dares)

1. (continental Normandy, anatomy) belly, stomach

Synonyms

• ventre (Jersey, Guernsey), vãtr (Sark)

Romanian

Etymology

From da +‎ -re.

Noun

dare f (plural dări)

1. giving
2. tax

Declension

	singular			plural
	indefinite	definite		indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	dare	darea		dări	dările
genitive-dative	dări	dării		dări	dărilor
vocative	dare, dareo			dărilor

Serbo-Croatian

Noun

dare (Cyrillic spelling даре)

1. vocative singular of dȃr

Slovak

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ˈdare]

Noun

dare m

1. locative singular of dar

Venetan

Etymology

From Latin dare.

Verb

dare

1. to give

References

• [1]

West Makian

Etymology

May be related to Ternate doro.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈd̪a.re/

Verb

dare

1. (transitive) to fall (from a height)

Conjugation

Conjugation of dare (action verb)
		singular	plural
			inclusive	exclusive
1st person		tadare	madare	adare
2nd person		nadare	fadare
3rd person	inanimate	idare	dadare
	animate
imperative		nadare, dare	fadare, dare

References

• James Collins (1982) Further Notes Towards a West Makian Vocabulary‎^[2], Pacific linguistics

Zazaki

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /dɑˈɾə/
• Hyphenation: da‧re

Noun

dare

1. tree