射干

Chinese

		radio- (chem.); shoot	to concern; to interfere; shield to concern; to interfere; shield; stem
trad. (射干)		射	干
simp. #(射干)		射	干

Etymology

From Sanskrit सृगाल (sṛgāla, “jackal”); another variations include 野干 (OC *ɦljaʔ kaːn), 野犴 (OC *ɦljaʔ ŋaːn), 豻 (OC *ŋaːn) and 悉伽羅 (MC sit gja la).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): yègān

  (Zhuyin): ㄧㄝˋ ㄍㄢ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): je⁶ gon¹
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siā-kan

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: yègān
    • Zhuyin: ㄧㄝˋ ㄍㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: yègan
    • Wade–Giles: yeh⁴-kan¹
    • Yale: yè-gān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yehgan
    • Palladius: егань (jeganʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛ⁵¹ kän⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: je⁶ gon¹
    • Yale: yeh gōn
    • Cantonese Pinyin: je⁶ gon¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: yé⁶ gon¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛː²² kɔːn⁵⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siā-kan
    • Tâi-lô: siā-kan
    • Phofsit Daibuun: siaxkafn
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sia²²⁻²¹ kan⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sia⁴¹⁻²² kan³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sia²²⁻²¹ kan⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /sia³³⁻¹¹ kan⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sia³³⁻²¹ kan⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: yaeH kan

Rime
Character	射	干
Reading #	1/4	1/1
Initial (聲)	以 (36)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	麻 (100)	寒 (61)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	羊謝切	古寒切
Baxter	yaeH	kan
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiaH/	/kɑn/
Pan Wuyun	/jiaH/	/kɑn/
Shao Rongfen	/iaH/	/kɑn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jiaH/	/kan/
Li Rong	/iaH/	/kɑn/
Wang Li	/jĭaH/	/kɑn/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯aH/	/kɑn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yè	gān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	je6	gon1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə.lAk-s  [k]ˤar/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɢljaːɡ  kaːn/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	射	干
Reading #	1/2	1/4
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shè	gān
Middle Chinese	‹ zyæH ›	‹ kan ›
Old Chinese	/*Cə.lAk-s/	/*[k]ˁar/
English	shoot; archer	pole
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	射	干
Reading #	3/4	1/1
No.	11226	3570
Phonetic component	射	干
Rime group	鐸	元
Rime subdivision	0	1
Corresponding MC rime	麝	干
Old Chinese	/*ɢljaːɡ/	/*kaːn/

Noun

射干

1. rhizome of the blackberry lily (Iris domestica), syn. Belamcanda chinensis, used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat cough, phlegm and sore throat)
2. (archaic, historical, obsolete) an animal which resembles a fox and that can climb trees

   • 其上則有赤猨蠷蝚，鵷雛孔鸞，騰遠射干。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     其上则有赤猨蠷蝚，鹓雏孔鸾，腾远射干。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE

     Qí shàng zé yǒu chìyuán qúróu, yuānchú kǒngluán, téngyuǎn yègān. [Pinyin]

     Above that, there are red apes, qurou [a kind of macaque], yuanchu [a kind of fenghuang], peacocks and luan [a kind of fenghuang], tengyuan [a kind of beast] and yegan [a fox-like animal].

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (射干):

• → Japanese: 射(や)干(かん) (yakan)

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
射	干
しゃ Grade: 6	かん > が Grade: 6
kan'on	irregular

Alternative spellings
者我 著莪

Derived from a confusion with 射干 (yakan, “blackberry lily (Iris domestica”)) below. (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) しゃが [sháꜜgà] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [ɕa̠ɡa̠]

Noun

射(しゃ)干(が) or 射干(シャガ) • (shaga) 

1. the fringed iris, Iris japonica

   Synonym: 胡蝶花 (kochōka)

   Hypernym: 菖蒲 (ayame)

Usage notes

As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as シャガ.

Derived terms

• 岩(イワ)射干(シャガ) (iwashaga)
• 姫(ヒメ)射干(シャガ) (hime-shaga)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
射	干
や Grade: 6	かん Grade: 6
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
野干

From Middle Chinese 射干 (MC yaeH kan), from Sanskrit सृगाल (sṛgāla, “jackal”).

Doublet of ジャッカル (jakkaru, “jackal”), via English jackal, Turkish çakal and Persian شغال (šağâl).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) やかん [yàkáń] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [ja̠kã̠ɴ]

Noun

射(や)干(かん) • (yakan) 

1. (Chinese mythology) a legendary evil beast similar to a fox
2. (by extension) a fox

   Synonym: 狐 (kitsune)

3. (theater) a Noh mask with the visage of the Chinese fox spirit
4. Synonym of 檜扇 (hiōgi): blackberry lily (Iris domestica)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
射	干
ひおうぎ
Grade: 6	Grade: 6
jukujikun

Noun

1. Alternative spelling of 檜扇 (hiōgi, “blackberry lily, Iris domestica”)

Compounds

• 射干(ぬば)玉(たま) (nubatama), 射干(むば)玉(たま) (mubatama, “blackberry lily seed”)