干戈

Chinese

		shield	spear
simp. and trad. (干戈)		干	戈

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gāngē

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄢ ㄍㄜ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gon¹ gwo¹
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kôn-khô
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kan-ko͘ / kan-ko

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gāngē
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄢ ㄍㄜ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gange
    • Wade–Giles: kan¹-ko¹
    • Yale: gān-gē
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gange
    • Palladius: ганьгэ (ganʹgɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kän⁵⁵ kɤ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gon¹ gwo¹
    • Yale: gōn gwō
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gon¹ gwo¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gon¹ guo¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔːn⁵⁵ kʷɔː⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kôn-khô
    • Hakka Romanization System: gon^ˊ ko^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gon¹ ko¹
    • Sinological IPA: /kon²⁴⁻¹¹ kʰo²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-ko͘
    • Tâi-lô: kan-koo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kankof
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kan³³ kɔ³³/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kan-ko
    • Tâi-lô: kan-ko
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kankoy
    • IPA (Taipei): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ ko⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kan⁴⁴⁻²² ko⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kan⁴⁴⁻³³ kɤ⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: kan kwa

Rime
Character	干	戈
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	寒 (61)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	古寒切	古禾切
Baxter	kan	kwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kan/	/kwa/
Li Rong	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Wang Li	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/kɑn/	/kuɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gān	guō
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gon1	gwo1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤa[r]  kʷˤaj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kaːn  koːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	干	戈
Reading #	2/4	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gān	gē
Middle Chinese	‹ kan ›	‹ kwa ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁa[r]/	/*kʷˁaj/
English	shield (n.)	dagger-axe
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	干	戈
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	3570	3831
Phonetic component	干	戈
Rime group	元	歌
Rime subdivision	1	3
Corresponding MC rime	干	戈
Old Chinese	/*kaːn/	/*koːl/

Noun

干戈

1. the weapons of war; arms
2. (figurative) the chaos of war; battle; warfare

Derived terms

• 化干戈為玉帛 (huà gāngē wéi yùbó)
• 大動干戈

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (干戈):

• → Japanese: 干(かん)戈(か) (kanka)
• → Korean: 간과(干戈) (gan'gwa)
• → Vietnamese: can qua (干戈)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
干	戈
かん Grade: 6	か Hyōgai
on'yomi

Etymology

/kankwa/ → /kanka/

From Middle Chinese compound 干戈 (kan kwa, literally “shield + polearm, spear”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) かんか [káꜜǹkà] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [kã̠ŋka̠]

Noun

干(かん)戈(か) • (kanka) ^{←かんくわ (kankwa)?}

1. literally “shields and spears”: a metaphor for weaponry or military force
2. conflict

Idioms

Idioms

• 干戈に訴える (かんかにうったえる, kanka ni uttaeru): a call to arms
• 干戈を動かす (かんかをうごかす, kanka o ugokasu): mobilize for war
• 干戈を収める (かんかをおさめる, kanka o osameru) / 干戈を箱に入れ弓を袋に入る (かんかをはこにいれゆみをふくろにいる, kanka o hako ni ire yumi o fukuro ni iru): disarm, demobilize, return to peace
• 干戈を交える (かんかをまじえる, kanka o majieru): cross swords, exchange hostilities, fight

Korean

Hanja in this term
干	戈

Noun

干戈 • (gan'gwa) (hangeul 간과)

1. hanja form^? of 간과 (“battle; warfare”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
干	戈

Noun

干戈

1. chữ Hán form of can qua (“battle; warfare”).