中古

Chinese

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): zhōnggǔ

  (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zung¹ gu²
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tiong-kó͘

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: zhōnggǔ
    • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨㄥ ㄍㄨˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jhonggǔ
    • Wade–Giles: chung¹-ku³
    • Yale: jūng-gǔ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jongguu
    • Palladius: чжунгу (čžungu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʈ͡ʂʊŋ⁵⁵ ku²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 中古 鐘鼓 / 钟鼓

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: zung¹ gu²
    • Yale: jūng gú
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzung¹ gu²
    • Guangdong Romanization: zung¹ gu²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ⁵⁵ kuː³⁵/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tiong-kó͘
    • Tâi-lô: tiong-kóo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: diongkor
    • IPA (Xiamen): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tiɔŋ³³ kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻²² kɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /tiɔŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ kɔ⁴¹/

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• Middle Chinese: trjuwng kuX

Rime
Character	中	古
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	知 (9)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	東 (2)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	陟弓切	公戸切
Baxter	trjuwng	kuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʈɨuŋ/	/kuoX/
Pan Wuyun	/ʈiuŋ/	/kuoX/
Shao Rongfen	/ȶiuŋ/	/koX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʈuwŋ/	/kɔX/
Li Rong	/ȶiuŋ/	/koX/
Wang Li	/ȶĭuŋ/	/kuX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȶi̯uŋ/	/kuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zhōng	gǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zung1	gu2

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*truŋ  kˤaʔ/

  (Zhengzhang): /*tuŋ  kaːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	中	古
Reading #	1/2	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zhōng	gǔ
Middle Chinese	‹ trjuwng ›	‹ kuX ›
Old Chinese	/*truŋ/	/*kˁaʔ/
English	center	ancient
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	中	古
Reading #	1/2	1/1
No.	17407	4219
Phonetic component	中	古
Rime group	終	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	中	古
Old Chinese	/*tuŋ/	/*kaːʔ/

Etymology 1

		middle	old
simp. and trad. (中古)		中	古

Adjective

中古

1. middle(-aged) (as in Middle English, Middle Chinese, etc.)

Descendants

• → Mongolian: дундад эртний (dundad ertnii) (calque)

Noun

中古

1. middle antiquity (from 3rd to 9th century)

Derived terms

• 中古時代 / 中古时代 (zhōnggǔ shídài)
• 中古法語 / 中古法语 (zhōnggǔ fǎyǔ)
• 中古漢語 / 中古汉语 (zhōnggǔ hànyǔ)
• 中古英語 / 中古英语 (Zhōnggǔ Yīngyǔ)
• 中古荷蘭語 / 中古荷兰语 (Zhōnggǔ Hélányǔ)
• 中古蒙古語 / 中古蒙古语 (zhōnggǔ měnggǔyǔ)
• 中古高地德語 / 中古高地德语 (zhōnggǔ gāodìdéyǔ)

 

Proper noun

中古

1. the Middle Ages

Etymology 2

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 中(ちゅう)古(こ) (chūko, “secondhand”).

Adjective

中古

1. (Taiwan) used; second hand

Synonyms

• (used, second hand):
  • 第二手 (dì'èrshǒu)
  • 二手 (èrshǒu)

Derived terms

• 中古車 / 中古车 (zhōnggǔchē)

 

Etymology 3

		Chinese; China; Sino-	Cuba; Cuban
simp. and trad. (中古)		中	古

Adjective

中古

1. Sino-Cuban

Proper noun

中古

1. China and Cuba

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
中	古
ちゅう Grade: 1	こ Grade: 2
on'yomi	kan'on

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ちゅうこ [chùúkó] (Heiban – [0]) secondhand
• (Tokyo) ちゅうこ [chúꜜùkò] (Atamadaka – [1]) medieval times; Early Middle Japanese
• IPA^(key): [t͡ɕɨːko̞]

Noun

中(ちゅう)古(こ) • (chūko) ^{←ちゆうこ (tyuuko)?}

1. a secondhand or used item

   Synonyms: セコハン (sekohan), セコンドハンド (sekondo-hando), セカンドハンド (sekando-hando)

2. medieval times (in Japanese history, including the Heian period)

   Coordinate terms: 上古 (jōko), 近古 (kinko)

3. Short for 中古日本語 (Chūko Nihongo): Heian period Japanese; Early Middle Japanese

Derived terms

• 中(ちゅう)古(こ)語(ご) (chūkogo)
• 中(ちゅう)古(こ)車(しゃ) (chūkosha)
• 中(ちゅう)古(こ)書(しょ)店(てん) (chūko shoten)
• 中(ちゅう)古(こ)品(ひん) (chūkohin)
• 中(ちゅう)古(こ)文(ぶん) (chūkobun)
• 中(ちゅう)古(こ)文(ぶん)学(がく) (chūko bungaku)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
中	古
ちゅう Grade: 1	ふる > ぶる Grade: 2
jūbakoyomi

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ちゅうぶる [chùúbúrú] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [t͡ɕɨːbɯ̟ɾɯ̟]

Noun

中(ちゅう)古(ぶる) • (chūburu) 

1. (slang) a secondhand or used item

Korean

Hanja in this term
中	古

Noun

中古 • (junggo) (hangeul 중고)

1. hanja form^? of 중고 (“secondhand”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
中	古

Adjective

中古

1. chữ Hán form of trung cổ (“medieval”).