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史

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 吏 and 更
史 U+53F2, 史
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53F2
← 叱
[U+53F1] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 右 →
[U+53F3]

Translingual

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Stroke order
5 strokes

Han character

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史 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 中大 (LK), four-corner 50006, composition ⿻口乂)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 173, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3249
  • Dae Jaweon: page 384, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 571, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+53F2

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 史
alternative forms 㕜

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 史
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (史) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
吏 *rɯs
倳 *ʔsrɯs
剚 *ʔsrɯs
事 *ʔsrɯs, *zrɯs
史 *srɯʔ
使 *srɯʔ, *srɯs
駛 *srɯʔ, *srɯs

Pictogram (象形) – 又 (OC *ɢʷɯs, “hand”) holding a stylized flag almost identical to 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs) perhaps to indicate a representative or ambassador (see its variant 吏 used in 使 to mean "ambassador"). As an alternative, it holds either a pen or a hunting weapon resembling similar to 中. Hence, the inner component 中 is partly unclear.

The whole character originally indicates the act of taking notes; today, it means "history". Compare 事.

Etymology

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"to send, to employ, to cause"
Causative derivation of 理 (OC rəʔ) "envoy (Zuo)" , "jail-official" (Guanzi), "marriage go-between", which is perhaps the same word as 理 (OC rəʔ) "to administer" (Schuessler 2007); the sense "scribe, historian" is derived from this.
"scribe, historian"
Possibly from Austroasiatic; Schuessler (2007) compared 理 (OC *rɯʔ), 吏 (OC *rɯs, “official”), 史 (OC *srɯʔ, “scribe, historian”), and 使 (OC *srɯʔ, *srɯs, “ambassador”) to Old Khmer re (“to move, change position”) & its derivatives Old Khmer pre (“to send, order, assign, appoint, delegate, use, employ, make”), in turn related to paṃre (“to serve; service, duty; servant, delegate, representative, minister”); with Sino-Tibetan causative *s- corresponding to Khmer causative *p-.
Alternatively, Unger (1990) and Starostin & Peiros (1996) derived 史 (OC *srɯʔ) "scribe, secretary" from 理 (OC *rɯʔ) "to mark, to draw lines", which, while cognate with Tibetan འབྲི ('bri, “to write, to draw”), apparently never meant "to write, to record".

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • sír/sú/sí - literary;
  • sái - vernacular.
Note: su2 - Chaoyang, Puning, Huilai.
Rime
Character 史
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 踈士切
Baxter sriX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʃɨX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʃɨX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʃieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʂɨX/
Li
Rong 		/ʃiəX/
Wang
Li 		/ʃĭəX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ʂiX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shǐ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		si2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 史
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sriX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-rəʔ/
English scribe

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 史
Reading # 1/1
No. 11487
Phonetic
component 		史
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		史
Old
Chinese 		/*srɯʔ/

Definitions

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史

  1. history
    歐洲史／欧洲史  ―  Ōuzhōu shǐ  ―  European history
    近代史  ―  jìndàishǐ  ―  modern history
    史無前例／史无前例  ―  shǐwúqiánlì  ―  unprecedented (literally, “no precedent in history”)
  2. (historical) court historian; scribe
  3. historical record; book recording history
    正史  ―  zhèngshǐ  ―  official historical records
    《二十四史》  ―  “èrshísìshǐ”  ―  Twenty-Four Histories
  4. a surname
    史可法  ―  Shǐ Kěfǎ  ―  Shi Kefa

Compounds

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Japanese

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Kanji in this term
史
Grade: 5

Kanji

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史

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. record, recording
  2. history

Readings

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  • Go-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: し (shi, Jōyō)
  • On: じ (ji)
  • Kun: ふひと (fuhito, 史)、ふびと (fubito, 史)、ふみ (fumi, 史)、さかん (sakan)

Proper noun

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史(ひろし) • (Hiroshi) 

  1. a male given name

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 史 (MC sriX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᄉᆞᆼ〯 (Yale: sǒ)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] ᄉᆞ〯긧〮 (Yale: sǒkúy-s) ᄉᆞ〯 (Yale: sǒ)

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [sʰa̠(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [사(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

史 (eumhun 사기(史記) 사 (sagi sa))

  1. hanja form? of 사 (“history”) [noun, suffix]

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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史: Hán Nôm readings: sử

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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