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關

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 関 and 关
關 U+95DC, 關
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-95DC
← 闛
[U+95DB] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 闝 →
[U+95DD]

Translingual

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Traditional 關
Shinjitai 関
Simplified 关

Han character

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關 (Kangxi radical 169, 門+11, 19 strokes, cangjie input 日弓女戈廿 (ANVIT), four-corner 77772, composition ⿵門𢇇)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1341, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41470
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1845, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4316, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+95DC

Chinese

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trad. 關
simp. 关*
alternative forms
関
𨶚
𢇅
𬮦 Singapore simp.
闗
関
𨶚
𢇅
𬮦 Singapore simp.
闗
閞／𫔰
 
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (卵) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
卵 *ɡ·roːlʔ, *ɡ·roːnʔ
關 *kroːn
関 *kroːn
聯 *ɡ·ron

The bronze inscription was in the form of 門 (“door”) + 卝 (“locked door; two wooden sticks to lock a door”). 卝 might also serve as a phonetic component. The whole character represents a door locked with two wooden sticks.

Then, the character slightly evolved into Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *kroːn) : semantic 門 (“door”) + phonetic 𢇅 (), in which two couples of rings similar to 幺幺 are visible on top of the two wooden sticks.

Etymology 1

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Compare Proto-Southwestern Tai *klɔːnᴬ² (“latch of door; rafter”), whence Thai กลอน (glɔɔn) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • guŏng - vernacular;
  • guăng - literary.
Note:
  • gue1/guiⁿ1 - vernacular;
  • guang1/guong1 - literary (incl. surname).
Note:
  • koaiⁿ/kuiⁿ/koaⁿ/koeⁿ - vernacular;
  • koan - literary (incl. surname).
Note:
  • guên1 - vernacular;
  • guêng1 - literary (Chaozhou);
  • guang1 - literary (Shantou, Jieyang, Chenghai, Chaoyang).
Rime
Character 關
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 刪 (70)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古還切
Baxter kwaen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠuan/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʷᵚan/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kuɐn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kwaɨn/
Li
Rong 		/kuan/
Wang
Li 		/kwan/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kwan/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		guān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gwaan1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 關 關 關
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		guān guān guān
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kwæn › ‹ kwæn › ‹ kwæn ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ˁro[n]/ /*[k]ˁro[n]/ /*kˁro[n]/
English barrier 關關 kwæn.kwæn [bird’s cry] 間關 sound of a chariot"s linchpin (Ode 218.1)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 關
Reading # 1/1
No. 8640
Phonetic
component 		卵
Rime
group 		元
Rime
subdivision 		3
Corresponding
MC rime 		關
Old
Chinese 		/*kroːn/

Definitions

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關

  1. door bolt
  2. to close; to shut
    關窗子／关窗子  ―  guān chuāngzi  ―  close the window
    他在聖誕節時關了店鋪。 [MSC, trad.]
    他在圣诞节时关了店铺。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā zài shèngdànjié shí guān le diànpù. [Pinyin]
    He shut up his shop at Christmas.
    Antonym: 開 / 开 (kāi)
  3. to close down (a business)
  4. to lock up; to detain
    那囚犯被關在單人牢房內。 [MSC, trad.]
    那囚犯被关在单人牢房内。 [MSC, simp.]
    Nà qiúfàn bèi guān zài dānrén láofáng nèi. [Pinyin]
    The prisoner was locked in a cell.
  5. to turn off; to switch off
    關電燈／关电灯  ―  guān diàndēng  ―  to switch the light off
  6. (literary) to go through; to pass
  7. to concern; to implicate; to relate to
    至關重要／至关重要  ―  zhìguānzhòngyào  ―  extremely important
    這不關我的事。／这不关我的事。  ―  Zhè bù guān wǒ de shì.  ―  It does not concern me.
    這件事與我無關。 [MSC, trad.]
    这件事与我无关。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè jiàn shì yǔ wǒ wúguān. [Pinyin]
    This has nothing to do with me.
  8. frontier pass; border control; checkpoint (controlled passage)
    海關／海关  ―  hǎiguān  ―  customs (literally, "maritime checkpoint")
    過關／过关  ―  guòguān  ―  to break through a pass; to go through border control
    居庸關／居庸关  ―  Jūyōngguān  ―  Juyong Pass
  9. (specifically) Shanhai Pass
    關東／关东  ―  guāndōng  ―  east of the Shanhai Pass
  10. area just outside a city gate
    城關／城关  ―  chéngguān  ―  area immediately outside a city gate
  11. difficult time; critical juncture
    難關／难关  ―  nánguān  ―  crisis; difficulty
    年關／年关  ―  niánguān  ―  end of the year (time for settling accounts)
  12. key; crucial part
  13. (video games) level
  14. (traditional Chinese medicine) Short for 關上／关上 (guānshàng, “guan, a pulse position on the wrist”).
  15. (dated) to issue or receive payment
    關餉／关饷  ―  guānxiǎng  ―  to issue or receive pay
  16. a surname
    關羽／关羽  ―  Guān Yǔ  ―  Guan Yu (Chinese general of the state of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period)
Synonyms
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  • (to close):
Dialectal synonyms of 關 (“to close (a door, gate, etc.)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 關, 閉
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 關
Malaysia 關
Singapore 關
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 關
Xi'an 關
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 關
Southwestern Mandarin Wuhan 關
Cantonese Guangzhou 閂
Hong Kong 閂
Taishan 閂
Singapore (Guangfu) 閂
Gan Nanchang 關
Pingxiang 關
Hakka Meixian 關
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 關
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 關
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 關
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 關
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 關
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 關
Eastern Min Fuzhou 關
Southern Min Taipei 關
New Taipei (Sanxia) 關
Kaohsiung 關
Yilan 關
Changhua (Lukang) 關
Taichung 關
Tainan 關
Hsinchu 關
Kinmen 關
Penghu (Magong) 關
Penang (Hokkien) 崁
Singapore (Hokkien) 關
Shantou 關
Singapore (Teochew) 關
Singapore (Hainanese) 關
  • (to close down): (Cantonese) 執 / 执 (zap1)
  • (to lock up): (Cantonese) 困 (wan3)
  • (to turn off):
    • (Cantonese, Hakka) 閂／闩
    • (Cantonese) 熄 (sik1)
    • (Singapore Hokkien, Penang Hokkien) 崁 (khàm)
  • (frontier pass): 關口／关口 (guānkǒu)
  • (level): 關卡／关卡 (guānqiǎ)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (關):
  • → Japanese: 関(かん) (kan)
  • → Korean: 관(關) (gwan)
  • → Vietnamese: quan (關)
  • → English: Guan, Kwan

    • Etymology 2

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    For pronunciation and definitions of 關 – see 彎 (“to bend; to make bent; to turn; to make a turn; to change direction; etc.”).
    (This character is the simplified form of 彎).
    Notes:

    References

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    Japanese

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    Shinjitai

    		関

    Kyūjitai

    		關

    Kanji

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    關

    (Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 関)

    1. Kyūjitai form of 関

    Readings

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    Proper noun

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    Kanji in this term
    關
    せき
    Hyōgai
    kun'yomi

    關(せき) • (Seki) 

    1. a surname

    Korean

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    Etymology 1

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    From Middle Chinese 關 (MC kwaen). Recorded as Middle Korean 관 (kwan) (Yale: kwan) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

    Pronunciation

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    Hanja

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    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    關 (eumhun 빗장 관 (bitjang gwan))

    1. hanja form? of 관 (“relation; barrier”)

    Compounds

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    Compounds

    Etymology 2

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    Related to Middle Chinese 彎 (MC 'waen).

    Hanja

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    關 (eumhun 당길 완 (danggil wan))

    1. (literary Chinese) Alternative form of 彎 (“hanja form? of 완 (“stretching a bow; to draw a bow”)”)

    References

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    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    關: Hán Nôm readings: quan

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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