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被

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
被 U+88AB, 被
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-88AB
← 袪
[U+88AA] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 袬 →
[U+88AC]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
10 strokes

Han character

[edit]

被 (Kangxi radical 145, 衣+5, 10 strokes, cangjie input 中木竹水 (LDHE), four-corner 34247, composition ⿰衤皮)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1115, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 34222
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1580, character 26
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3085, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+88AB

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 被

Glyph origin

[edit]
Characters in the same phonetic series (皮) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
陂 *pral, *prals
詖 *pral, *prals
彼 *pralʔ
柀 *pralʔ
佊 *pralʔ, *prals
貱 *prals
跛 *prals, *paːlʔ
披 *pʰral, *pʰralʔ
鈹 *pʰral
帔 *pʰral, *pʰrals
鮍 *pʰral
耚 *pʰral
狓 *pʰral
翍 *pʰral
旇 *pʰral, *brals
秛 *pʰral, *pʰrals
紴 *pʰralʔ, *paːl
皮 *bral
疲 *bral
被 *bralʔ, *brals
髲 *brals
鞁 *brals
骳 *mbralʔ
波 *paːl
碆 *paːl, *baːl
菠 *paːl
簸 *paːlʔ, *paːls
駊 *paːlʔ, *pʰaːlʔ
頗 *pʰaːl, *pʰaːlʔ, *pʰaːls
坡 *pʰaːl
玻 *pʰaːl
破 *pʰaːls
婆 *baːl
蔢 *baːl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *bralʔ, *brals) : semantic 衣 (“clothing”) + phonetic 皮 (OC *bral).

Etymology

[edit]

Cognate with 披 (OC *pʰral, *pʰralʔ). The meaning of passive marker is an extension of "to wear; to be covered by something".

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note: vernacular reading.
Note:
  • phē/phěr/phōe/phēr/phě - vernacular;
  • pī/pǐ - literary.
Note: vernacular reading.
Rime
Character 被
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 並 (3)
Final (韻) 支 (13)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 皮彼切
Baxter bjeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/bˠiᴇX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/bᵚiɛX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/biɛX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/bjiə̆X/
Li
Rong 		/bjeX/
Wang
Li 		/bǐeX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/bʱie̯X/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		bì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		bei6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 被
Reading # 1/4
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		bèi
Middle
Chinese 		‹ bjeX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*m-pʰ(r)ajʔ/
English coverlet

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 被
Reading # 1/2
No. 9713
Phonetic
component 		皮
Rime
group 		歌
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		被
Old
Chinese 		/*bralʔ/

Definitions

[edit]

被

  1. bedding; quilt; blanket (Classifier: 床 m; 張／张 c; 領／领 mn)
    被子  ―  bèizi  ―  quilt
    被褥  ―  bèirù  ―  bedding, bedclothes
    墊被／垫被  ―  diànbèi  ―  mattress
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (quilt):
Dialectal synonyms of 被子 (“quilt”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 被, 衾 large
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 被子, 被
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 被, 被臥
Taiwan 被子
Langfang 被窩
Chengde 被子
Chifeng 被子, 被臥
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 鋪蓋
Heihe 被, 被子, 被臥
Qiqihar 被子, 被臥
Harbin 被子
Jiamusi 被, 被臥
Baicheng 被臥
Changchun 被臥
Tonghua 被, 被臥
Shenyang 被, 被子, 被臥
Jinzhou 被, 被子, 被臥
Malaysia 被
Singapore 被
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 被, 被臥
Tangshan 被子
Cangzhou 被, 被子
Baoding 被臥
Shijiazhuang 被子
Lijin 被子
Jinan 被子, 被臥
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 被
Dandong 被, 被子, 被臥
Yantai 被
Qingdao 被
Zhucheng 被, 被子
Central Plains Mandarin Lingbao 被子
Jining 被子
Daming 蓋地
Linfen 被子
Shangqiu 被子, 蓋地
Yuanyang 被子
Zhengzhou 蓋地
Xinyang 被子, 被臥
Baihe 被子, 被臥
Xi'an 被子, 被兒
Baoji 被兒
Tianshui 被
Xining 被兒
Xuzhou 被, 被子
Fuyang 被子, 蓋體
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 被子
Lanzhou 被子, 被臥, 蓋地
Dunhuang 被子, 被兒
Hami 被臥
Ürümqi 被臥
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 鋪蓋
Nanchong 被蓋
Dazhou 鋪蓋
Hanyuan 鋪蓋
Xichang 被子
Zigong 被子, 鋪蓋
Chongqing 鋪蓋
Wuhan 被子, 被臥, 鋪蓋
Yichang 被子
Xiangyang 被子, 被臥兒
Tianmen 被子, 被臥
Guiyang 被臥
Zunyi 被子, 被臥
Bijie 被臥
Liping 被臥
Zhaotong 灰氈
Dali 鋪蓋
Kunming 被子
Mengzi 被子, 被臥
Guilin 被臥, 被子
Pingle 被子, 被窩
Liuzhou 被子
Luzhai 被子, 被窩
Nanning (Wuming) 被子, 棉被
Binyang (Nanjie) 棉被
Hechi (Yizhou) 被子, 棉被
Luocheng (Dongmen) 被窩, 被子
Tianlin (Langping) 鋪蓋
Jishou 被臥
Changde 被臥
Hanzhong 被子
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 被子, 被單
Yangzhou 被窩, 被子
Lianyungang 被, 被子
Lianshui 被子
Nantong 被子
Anqing 被窩
Wuhu 被子, 被服, 被單
Hefei 被子, 被單, 被窩
Hong'an 被臥
Cantonese Guangzhou 被
Hong Kong 被
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 被
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 被
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 棉被
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 棉被
Macau 被
Guangzhou (Panyu) 被
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 被
Guangzhou (Conghua) 被
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 被
Foshan 被
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 被
Foshan (Shunde) 被
Foshan (Sanshui) 被
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 被
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 被
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 被
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 被
Zhuhai (Doumen) 被
Jiangmen (Baisha) 被
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 被
Taishan 被
Kaiping (Chikan) 被
Enping (Niujiang) 被
Heshan (Yayao) 被
Dongguan 被, 棉被
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 被
Yangjiang 被
Wuzhou 被, 棉被
Hepu (Lianzhou) 被
Hepu (Shatian) 被
Baise 被
Qinzhou 被, 棉被
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 被
Beihai 被
Beihai (Nankang) 被
Beihai (Yingpan) 被
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 被
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 被
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 被
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 被
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 被
Móng Cái 被
Gan Nanchang 被窩
Hakka Meixian 被
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 被
Dongguan (Qingxi) 被
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 被
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 棉被
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 被
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 被
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 被
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 被
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 被
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 被
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 被
Hong Kong 被
Senai (Huiyang) 被
Kuching (Hepo) 被
Huizhou Shexian 被
Jin Taiyuan 被兒, 被子
Yangyuan 被子, 蓋物
Datong 蓋物
Xinzhou 蓋地
Lüliang (Lishi) 被子, 被臥兒
Changzhi 被子, 鋪蓋
Linhe 被子, 蓋地
Jining 鋪蓋, 蓋臥
Hohhot 被子, 蓋臥
Erenhot 被子, 蓋臥
Pingshan 被子
Zhangjiakou 被子, 蓋物, 蓋臥
Handan 被子, 蓋地, 被臥
Linzhou 蓋地
Suide 被子
Northern Min Jian'ou 被
Eastern Min Fuzhou 被
Southern Min Xiamen 被, 被仔
Quanzhou 被
Zhangzhou 被, 被仔
Penghu (Xiyu) 被
Singapore (Hokkien) 被
Manila (Hokkien) 被
Chaozhou 被
Shantou 被
Jieyang 被
Bangkok (Teochew) 被
Chiang Mai (Teochew) 被囝
Hat Yai (Teochew) 被
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 被
Pontianak (Teochew) 被
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 被
Zhongshan (Sanxiang) 被
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 被絮
Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 被絮
Wu Shanghai 被頭
Suzhou 被頭
Hangzhou 棉被, 被頭
Ningbo 被頭, 棉被
Zhoushan 被頭
Wenzhou 被
Xiang Changsha 被窩
Shuangfeng 被
Xiangnan Tuhua Jiangyong 被
Dong'an 被
Yuebei Tuhua Shaoguan (Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang) 被
Shaoguan (Xiangyang, Xihe, Wujiang) 被
Shaoguan (Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang) 被
Renhua (Zhoutian) 被
Renhua (Shitang) 被
Ruyuan (Songwei, Guitou) 被
Lechang (Changlai) 被
Lechang (Beixiang) 被
Lechang (Huangpu) 被
Lechang (Guitang, Pingshi) 被窩
Lechang (Sanxi) 被窩

Pronunciation 2

[edit]
Note:
  • bei4 - literary;
  • bei5 - vernacular.
    Rime
    Character 被
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 並 (3)
    Final (韻) 支 (13)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 平義切
    Baxter bjeH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/bˠiᴇH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/bᵚiɛH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/biɛH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/bjiə̆H/
    Li
    Rong         		/bjeH/
    Wang
    Li         		/bǐeH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/bʱie̯H/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		bì
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		bei6
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 被
    Reading # 2/4
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		bèi
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ bjeH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*m-pʰ(r)ajʔ-s/
    English cover (v.)

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 被
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 9715
    Phonetic
    component         		皮
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		髲
    Old
    Chinese         		/*brals/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    被

    1. † to cover
    2. † to suffer; to sustain (loss, misfortune, etc.)
    3. by
      我被蚊子咬了。  ―  Wǒ bèi wénzi yǎo le.  ―  I got bitten by mosquitoes.
    4. Used before a verb to indicate passive voice (traditionally with a negative connotation, but also used generally under the influence of Westernization).
      我的錶被偷了。／我的表被偷了。  ―  Wǒ de biǎo bèi tōu le.  ―  My watch has been stolen.
      我們的汽車尾巴被撞壞了。 [MSC, trad.]
      我们的汽车尾巴被撞坏了。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒmen de qìchē wěiba bèi zhuànghuài le. [Pinyin]
      The rear end of our car was smashed.
    5. (neologism) passively; under duress; in a forged manner; etc.
      被自殺／被自杀  ―  bèi zìshā  ―  to "be suicided"; to be killed by the authorities who then pass one's death off as suicide
      被就業／被就业  ―  bèi jiùyè  ―  to "be achieved employment"; to be falsely recorded as employed (for the purpose of falsifying employment data)
      被吸菸／被吸烟  ―  bèi xīyān  ―  to smoke secondhand
      被嫖娼  ―  bèi piáochāng  ―  to be falsely accused of visiting a prostitute
    6. a surname.
    Usage notes
    [edit]
    • In a passive-voice sentence, 被 is placed after the subject and before the doer of the action. The doer of the action is placed before the verb or can be omitted.
    • As a neologism, by affixing 被 to a verb or verb phrase that is rarely used in the passive sense (e.g. an intransitive verb), a deliberate awkwardness is constructed to call to the absurdity of the situation being referred to.
    Synonyms
    [edit]
    Dialectal synonyms of 被 (“by”) [map]
    Variety Location Words
    Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 被
    Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 讓, 叫, 給
    Taiwan 讓, 叫, 給
    Malaysia 被, 給
    Singapore 被, 讓, 給
    Jilu Mandarin Jinan 叫, 讓
    Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 叫
    Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 遭, 叫
    Wuhan 把得
    Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 給, 把
    Hefei 給, 叫
    Cantonese Guangzhou 畀
    Hong Kong 畀
    Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 畀
    Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 畀
    Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 畀
    Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 畀
    Macau 畀
    Guangzhou (Panyu) 畀
    Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 畀
    Guangzhou (Conghua) 畀
    Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 畀
    Foshan 畀
    Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 畀
    Foshan (Shunde) 畀
    Foshan (Sanshui) 畀
    Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 畀
    Zhongshan (Shiqi) 畀
    Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 畀
    Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 畀
    Zhuhai (Doumen) 畀
    Jiangmen (Baisha) 畀
    Jiangmen (Xinhui) 畀
    Taishan 畀
    Kaiping (Chikan) 畀
    Enping (Niujiang) 畀
    Heshan (Yayao) 畀
    Dongguan 畀
    Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 畀
    Shaoguan 畀
    Yunfu 畀
    Yangjiang 畀
    Xinyi 畀
    Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 畀
    Singapore (Guangfu) 畀
    Gan Nanchang 讓, 等
    Hakka Meixian 分
    Xingning 分
    Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 畀
    Huiyang 分
    Huidong (Daling) 分
    Dongguan (Qingxi) 分
    Boluo (Bendihua) 畀
    Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 分
    Zhongshan (Wuguishan) 畀
    Wuhua (Huacheng) 分
    Heyuan (Bendihua) 把
    Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) 畀
    Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) 把
    Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) 分
    Shaoguan (Qujiang) 分
    Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 分
    Liannan 分
    Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 分
    Jiexi 分
    Changting 得
    Wuping 得
    Wuping (Pingyu) 得
    Liancheng 給
    Ninghua 分
    Ruijin 得
    Shicheng 得
    Shangyou (Shexi) 討
    Miaoli (N. Sixian) 分
    Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 分
    Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 分
    Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 分
    Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 分
    Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 得
    Hong Kong 分
    Senai (Huiyang) 分
    Kuching (Hepo) 分
    Jin Taiyuan 叫, 給
    Northern Min Jian'ou 吶
    Eastern Min Fuzhou 乞
    Southern Min Xiamen 予, 乞
    Quanzhou 予, 乞, 傳
    Zhangzhou 予, 乞
    Taipei 予
    New Taipei (Sanxia) 予
    Kaohsiung 予
    Yilan 予
    Changhua (Lukang) 予
    Taichung 予
    Tainan 予
    Hsinchu 予
    Kinmen 予
    Penghu (Magong) 予
    Singapore (Hokkien) 予
    Manila (Hokkien) 予
    Chaozhou 分, 乞
    Shantou 分, 乞, 予
    Shantou (Chaoyang) 乞
    Jieyang 分, 乞
    Leizhou 乞
    Haikou 要
    Wu Shanghai 撥, 撥辣
    Suzhou 撥, 撥勒
    Ningbo 撥, 撥人家
    Wenzhou 匄
    Xiang Changsha 聽, 撈, 讓, 被
    Shuangfeng 耗

    Descendants

    [edit]
    Sino-Xenic (被):
    • → Vietnamese: bị (被)

    Others:

    • → Vietnamese: phải (“must; correct; right side”)

    Pronunciation 3

    [edit]
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 被
    Reading # 3/4
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		pī
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ phje ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*mə-pʰ(r)aj/
    English cover oneself with

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

    Definitions

    [edit]

    被

    1. † Alternative form of 披 (“to cover oneself; to scatter”)

    Pronunciation 4

    [edit]
    Rime
    Character 被
    Reading # 2/2
    Initial (聲) 並 (3)
    Final (韻) 支 (13)
    Tone (調) Departing (H)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division (等) III
    Fanqie 平義切
    Baxter bjeH
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang         		/bˠiᴇH/
    Pan
    Wuyun         		/bᵚiɛH/
    Shao
    Rongfen         		/biɛH/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank         		/bjiə̆H/
    Li
    Rong         		/bjeH/
    Wang
    Li         		/bǐeH/
    Bernhard
    Karlgren         		/bʱie̯H/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex         		bì
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex         		bei6
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character 被
    Reading # 2/2
    No. 9715
    Phonetic
    component         		皮
    Rime
    group         		歌
    Rime
    subdivision         		1
    Corresponding
    MC rime         		髲
    Old
    Chinese         		/*brals/

    Definitions

    [edit]

    被

    1. Alternative form of 髲 (bì, “wig”)
    2. Alternative form of 彼 (bǐ, “that”)

    Pronunciation 5

    [edit]
    Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character 被
    Reading # 4/4
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)         		pì
    Middle
    Chinese         		‹ phjeH ›
    Old
    Chinese         		/*pʰ(r)aj-s/
    English cloak

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

    Definitions

    [edit]

    被

    1. Alternative form of 帔

    Compounds

    [edit]

    Japanese

    [edit]

    Kanji

    [edit]
    被

    (Jōyō kanji)

    Readings

    [edit]

    Compounds

    [edit]
    Compounds

    Etymology 1

    [edit]
    Kanji in this term
    被
    ひ
    Grade: S
    on'yomi

    From Middle Chinese 被 (bjeH, “to cover”), from the term's use in Chinese as a passive marker.

    Pronunciation

    [edit]

    Prefix

    [edit]

    被(ひ) • (hi-) 

    1. -ed, -ee (marks the passive recipient of an action)
      被(ひ)傭者(ようしゃ)
      hiyōsha
      employee
      被(ひ)験者(けんしゃ)
      hikensha
      examinee
      被(ひ)減数(げんすう)
      higensū
      minuend (number which is reduced)
      被(ひ)保護国(ほごこく)
      hihogokoku
      protectorate (protected nation)

    Etymology 2

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    Kanji in this term
    被
    おおい
    Grade: S
    kun'yomi

    The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) of verb 被う (ōu, “to cover”).[1][2]

    Pronunciation

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    Noun

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    被(おおい) • (ōi) ←おほい (ofoi)?

    1. a covering
    2. the act of covering something
    3. (by extension) a protector or patron

    References

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    1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

    Korean

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    Hanja

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    被 • (pi) (hangeul 피, revised pi, McCune–Reischauer p'i, Yale phi)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese

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    Han character

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    被: Hán Nôm readings: bị, bệ, bỡ, bự, bợ

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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