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骨

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
骨 U+9AA8, 骨
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9AA8
← 骧
[U+9AA7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 骩 →
[U+9AA9]
⾻ U+2FBB, ⾻
KANGXI RADICAL BONE
← ⾺
[U+2FBA] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾼ →
[U+2FBC]
⻣ U+2EE3, ⻣
CJK RADICAL BONE
← ⻢
[U+2EE2] 		CJK Radicals Supplement ⻤ →
[U+2EE4]

Translingual

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Traditional 骨
Simplified 骨
Japanese 骨
Korean 骨
Stroke order
(Mainland China)
Stroke order
(Taiwan)
Stroke order
(Japan)

Alternative forms

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  • In Traditional Chinese (Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macau), Japanese kanji and Korean hanja, the inner component on the top of the character is drawn with two strokes both starting from the center, and positioned to the right (◲) (骨, ⾻, 骨), which is the orthodox form found in the historical Kangxi dictionary.
  • In mainland China (based on Xin Zixing (新字形) standardized form) and Vietnamese Nôm, the inner component on the top of the character is drawn with a single stroke starting from the left, and positioned to the left (◱) (骨).
  • In mainland China (Xin Zixing), Hong Kong and Macau (Traditional Chinese), Japanese kanji, Korean hanja and Vietnamese Nôm, the bottom component is written in the form of ⺝ (similar to 月), but the leftmost stroke is vertical (丨) and not curved (丿), which is the orthodox form found in the Kangxi dictionary.
  • In Taiwan (Traditional Chinese), the bottom component is written in the form of ⺼ (meat radical, similar to 月 where the leftmost stroke is curved 丿 but the two horizontal strokes enclosed within are written 冫 instead).
  • Due to Han unification, this character may or may not appear different, depending on the fonts available (the curvature or straightness of the leftmost stroke in the bottom part is not significant and may vary slightly between fonts):
    • 骨 : traditional Kangxi form (10 strokes) in Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Korea, Vietnam;
    • 骨: traditional modified form (10 strokes) in Taiwan;
    • 骨: simplified form (9 strokes) in Mainland China.

Han character

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See images of
Radical 188 骨

骨 (Kangxi radical 188, 骨+0, 10 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 9 strokes in mainland China, cangjie input 月月月 (BBB), four-corner 77227, composition ⿱⿵⿰丨𠃍𠃍肎(GV) or ⿱⿵⿰丨𠃍⿰丨一肎(HTJK))

  1. Kangxi radical #188, ⾻.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №134

Derived characters

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Further reading

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1447, character 25
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 45098
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1973, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4406, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+9AA8

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 骨
Shang Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (骨) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
顝 *kʰuːl, *kʰuːlʔ, *kʰuːd
滑 *ɡruːd, *kuːd, *ɡuːd
猾 *ɡruːd
磆 *ɡruːd
螖 *ɡruːd
鶻 *ɡruːd, *kuːd, *ɡuːd
嗗 *qruːd
骨 *kuːd
縎 *kuːd
愲 *kuːd
蓇 *kuːd
尳 *kuːd, *ɡuːd
榾 *kuːd
搰 *ɡuːd
核 *ɡuːd, *ɡrɯːɡ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意) : 冎 (“skull”) + ⺼ (“body”).

Etymology 1

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trad. 骨
simp. # 骨

Usually related to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s/m/g-rus (“bone”), whence Tibetan རུས (rus), Nuosu ꃷꅍ (vup ddu), S'gaw Karen တၢ်ဃံ (ta̱xee), but there is no trace of a medial *r in Chinese (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • gǔ - usual pronunciation;
  • gū - used in some colloquial words, such as 骨朵兒 (“unbloomed flower”) and 骨碌 (“to roll”);
  • gú - used in some colloquial words, such as 骨頭 (“bone”).
Note:
  • gug4 - vernacular;
  • guag4 - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 骨
Mandarin Beijing /ku²¹⁴/
/ku³⁵/
Harbin /ku²¹³/
Tianjin /ku¹³/ ～折
/ku²¹/ ～頭
Jinan /ku²¹³/
Qingdao /ku⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /ku²⁴/
Xi'an /ku²¹/
Xining /kv̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ku¹³/
Lanzhou /ku¹³/
Ürümqi /ku²¹³/
Wuhan /ku²¹³/
Chengdu /ku³¹/
Guiyang /ku²¹/
Kunming /ku³¹/
Nanjing /kuʔ⁵/
Hefei /kuəʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /kuəʔ²/
Pingyao /kuʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /kuəʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /kuəʔ⁵/
Suzhou /kuəʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /kuoʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /ky²¹³/
Hui Shexian /kuʔ²¹/
Tunxi /ku⁵/
Xiang Changsha /ku²⁴/
Xiangtan /ku²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /kuɨʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /kut̚¹/
Taoyuan /kut̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kwɐt̚⁵/
Nanning /kɛɐt̚⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kwɐt̚⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kut̚³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɔuʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ko²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kuk̚²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kut̚⁵/
Rime
Character 骨
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 沒 (56)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) I
Fanqie 古忽切
Baxter kwot
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kuət̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kuot̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kuət̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kwət̚/
Li
Rong 		/kuət̚/
Wang
Li 		/kuət̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kuət̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		gu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gwat1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 骨
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		gǔ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kwot ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁut/
English bone

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 骨
Reading # 1/1
No. 4321
Phonetic
component 		骨
Rime
group 		物
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		骨
Old
Chinese 		/*kuːd/
Notes 冎亦聲

Definitions

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骨

  1. (anatomy) bone
  2. (anatomy) skeleton
  3. (figurative) frame; framework
  4. (figurative) moral character
  5. (Cantonese, Mainland China Hokkien) sarcasm
    佢句句說話都有骨。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢句句说话都有骨。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 geoi3 geoi3 syut3 waa6 dou1 jau5 gwat1. [Jyutping]
    All his sentences are sarcastic.
  6. (Mainland China Hokkien) the hell (usually in a question in mild disdain)
  7. (Quanzhou Hokkien) clever; intelligent; smart
  8. a surname: Gu
Synonyms
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  • (moral character):
Dialectal synonyms of 聰明 (“clever; intelligent; smart; bright”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 聰明, 伶俐, 聰敏, 聰穎
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 聰明, 機靈, 伶俐, 聰敏, 聰穎, 聰慧
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 聰明
Taiwan 聰明
Malaysia 聰明
Singapore 聰明
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 聰明
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 靈, 靈醒
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 精靈, 聰明
Wuhan 聰明
Guilin 聰明
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 聰明
Hefei 聰明
Cantonese Guangzhou 聰明, 醒, 醒目, 叻, 精
Hong Kong 聰明, 醒, 醒目, 叻, 精
Taishan 聰明, 叻, 參
Kaiping (Chikan) 叻
Yangjiang 伶俐, 叻
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 精, 扮𠮨
Singapore (Guangfu) 聰明, 精, 叻, 醒目, 扮𠮨
Gan Nanchang 精靈, 聰明
Hakka Meixian 聰明, 機靈
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 聰明
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 聰明
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 聰明
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 聰明, 精
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 聰明, 精
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 聰明
Kuching (Hepo) 將
Jin Taiyuan 機靈, 聰明
Northern Min Jian'ou 聰明
Eastern Min Fuzhou 聰明
Southern Min Xiamen 聰明
Quanzhou 聰明, 骨, 骨鳥 derogatory
Zhangzhou 聰明
Taipei 聰明, 巧, 明白
Singapore (Hokkien) 聰明, 𠢕, 勥, 醒目, 巧
Manila (Hokkien) 巧, 勥, 𠢕
Chaozhou 聰明
Singapore (Teochew) 聰明
Wenchang 精
Singapore (Hainanese) 精
Wu Suzhou 聰明
Ningbo 聰明
Wenzhou 靈, 聰明
Xiang Changsha 靈泛, 聰明
Shuangfeng 聰明

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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trad. 骨
simp. # 骨
alternative forms 嗗

From English quarter.

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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骨

  1. (Cantonese) quarter of an hour; 15 minutes (Classifier: 個／个 c)
    三點一個骨／三点一个骨 [Cantonese]  ―  saam1 dim2 jat1 go3 gwat1 [Jyutping]  ―  quarter past three
    五點三個骨／五点三个骨 [Cantonese]  ―  ng5 dim2 saam1 go3 gwat1 [Jyutping]  ―  quarter to six (literally three quarters past five)
  2. (Cantonese) one fourth; a quarter

Japanese

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Kanji

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骨

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. skeleton
  2. bone

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
骨 (hone): a bone.
Kanji in this term
骨
ほね
Grade: 6
kun'yomi

/pone/ → /ɸone/ → /hone/

From Old Japanese, from Proto-Japonic *pənay.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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骨(ほね) • (hone) 

  1. bone

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
骨
かわら
Grade: 6
kun'yomi
Alternative spelling
䯊 (rare)

/kapara/ → /kaɸara/ → /kawara/

Probably from Sanskrit कपाल (kapāla, “cup, bowl, skull”). Cognate with 瓦 (kawara, “tile, particularly for roofing or flooring”).[2]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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骨(かわら) • (kawara) ←かはら (kafara)?

  1. (archaic, rare) a bone, particularly a covering bone such as a skull or kneecap

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
骨
こつ
Grade: 6
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 骨 (MC kwot, “bone”).

The knack sense comes from the idea of the bones as the innermost core or essence of something.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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骨(こつ) • (kotsu) 

  1. remains, ashes
  2. コツ: knack, trick
    ネイルのコツ
    neiru no kotsu
    tricks and tips for doing one's nails

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 骨 (MC kwot).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 고ᇙ〮 (Yale: kwólq)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] ᄲᅧ〮 (Yale: spyé) 골〮 (Yale: kwól)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

骨 (eumhun 뼈 골 (ppyeo gol))

  1. hanja form? of 골 (“bone”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Okinawan

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Kanji

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骨

(Sixth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Ryukyuan *pone, from earlier Proto-Japonic *pənay. Cognate with Japanese 骨 (hone, “bone”).

Noun

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骨(ふに) (funi) 

  1. bone
  2. frame (of a sliding paper door, etc)
  3. stem, stalk

Etymology 2

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Ultimately from Middle Chinese 骨 (MC kwot, “bone”).

Noun

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骨(くち) or 骨(くし) (kuchi or kushi) 

  1. remains, ashes

Vietnamese

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Han character

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骨: Hán Việt readings: cốt[1][2][3][4][5][6]
骨: Nôm readings: cốt[1][2][3], cót[1][3], cút[1][3], cọt[3], gút[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of cốt (“bone (compounds), extracted, condensed”).

Compounds

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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Trần (2004).
  4. ^ Trần (1999).
  5. ^ Nguyễn (1974).
  6. ^ Thiều Chửu (1942).
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