骨肉

Chinese

		bone	meat; flesh
trad. (骨肉)		骨	肉
simp. #(骨肉)		骨	肉
anagram		肉骨

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): gǔròu

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨˇ ㄖㄡˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gwat¹ juk⁶
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kut-ngiuk
• Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): goh⁶ zoeh⁷ / guoh⁶ zyeh⁷
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kut-jio̍k / kut-lio̍k / kut-bah / kut-hia̍k / kut-he̍k

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gǔròu → gǔrou (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ ㄖㄡˋ → ㄍㄨˇ ˙ㄖㄡ (toneless final syllable variant)
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gǔro̊u
    • Wade–Giles: ku³-jou⁵
    • Yale: gǔ-rou
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu.row
    • Palladius: гужоу (gužou)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹⁴⁻²¹ ʐoʊ̯⁵¹/ → /ku²¹⁴ ʐoʊ̯⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gwat¹ juk⁶
    • Yale: gwāt yuhk
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gwat⁷ juk⁹
    • Guangdong Romanization: gued¹ yug⁶
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʷɐt̚⁵ jʊk̚²/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kut-ngiuk
    • Hakka Romanization System: gud^ˋ ngiug^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: gud⁵ ngiug⁵
    • Sinological IPA: /kut̚² ŋi̯uk̚²/
• Puxian Min
  • (Putian)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: goh⁶ zoeh⁷ [Phonetic: goh⁷ zoeh⁷]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔʔ¹⁻⁴⁵ t͡sœʔ⁴/
  • (Xianyou)
    • Pouseng Ping'ing: guoh⁶ zyeh⁷ [Phonetic: guoh⁷ zyeh⁷]
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuoʔ²⁻²⁴ t͡syøʔ²⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-jio̍k
    • Tâi-lô: kut-jio̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kutjiok
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kut̚³²⁻⁵ d͡ziɔk̚¹²¹/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ ziɔk̚⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-lio̍k
    • Tâi-lô: kut-lio̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kutliok
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ liɔk̚⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kut̚⁵⁻²⁴ liɔk̚²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-bah
    • Tâi-lô: kut-bah
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kutbaq
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kut̚³²⁻⁵ baʔ³²/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ baʔ³²/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-hia̍k
    • Tâi-lô: kut-hia̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kuthiak
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kut̚⁵⁻²⁴ hiak̚²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kut-he̍k
    • Tâi-lô: kut-hi̍k
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kuthek
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kut̚³²⁻⁴ hiɪk̚⁴/

Note:

• kut-jio̍k/kut-lio̍k - literary (“flesh and blood; kindred”);
• kut-bah/kut-hia̍k/kut-he̍k - vernacular (“meat and bones”).

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• Middle Chinese: kwot nyuwk

Rime
Character	骨	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)	日 (38)
Final (韻)	沒 (56)	屋 (4)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	古忽切	如六切
Baxter	kwot	nyuwk
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuət̚/	/ȵɨuk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/kuot̚/	/ȵiuk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/kuət̚/	/ȵʑiuk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kwət̚/	/ȵuwk̚/
Li Rong	/kuət̚/	/ȵiuk̚/
Wang Li	/kuət̚/	/ȵʑĭuk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuət̚/	/ȵʑi̯uk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gu	rù
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gwat1	juk6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*kˤut  k.nuk/

  (Zhengzhang): /*kuːd  njuɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	骨	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gǔ	ròu
Middle Chinese	‹ kwot ›	‹ nyuwk ›
Old Chinese	/*kˁut/	/*k.nuk/
English	bone	meat, flesh
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	骨	肉
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	4321	10866
Phonetic component	骨	肉
Rime group	物	覺
Rime subdivision	2	1
Corresponding MC rime	骨	肉
Old Chinese	/*kuːd/	/*njuɡ/
Notes	冎亦聲

Noun

骨肉

1. (literally) bones and flesh
2. (figurative) flesh and blood; blood relative; kindred; kin
3. (figurative) close relations; kinship

Synonyms

• (close relative): 至親／至亲 (zhìqīn), 親骨肉／亲骨肉 (qīngǔròu)

Derived terms

• 一家骨肉
• 人親骨肉香／人亲骨肉香
• 情同骨肉
• 情深骨肉
• 情逾骨肉
• 父母骨肉
• 生死骨肉
• 異姓骨肉／异姓骨肉
• 至親骨肉／至亲骨肉
• 親如骨肉／亲如骨肉
• 親生骨肉／亲生骨肉
• 親骨肉／亲骨肉 (qīngǔròu)
• 賤骨肉／贱骨肉
• 骨肉之恩
• 骨肉之情
• 骨肉之親／骨肉之亲
• 骨肉分離／骨肉分离 (gǔròu fēnlí)
• 骨肉各方
• 骨肉團圓／骨肉团圆
• 骨肉團圞／骨肉团𪢮
• 骨肉情
• 骨肉未寒
• 骨肉瘤 (gǔròuliú)
• 骨肉相殘／骨肉相残
• 骨肉相親／骨肉相亲
• 骨肉相連／骨肉相连
• 骨肉私情
• 骨肉至親／骨肉至亲 (gǔròuzhìqīn)
• 骨肉親／骨肉亲
• 骨肉重逢
• 骨肉離散／骨肉离散
• 骨肉離異／骨肉离异

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (骨肉):

• → Japanese: 骨肉(こつにく) (kotsuniku)
• → Korean: 골육(骨肉) (goryuk)
• → Vietnamese: cốt nhục (骨肉)

References

• 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “骨肉”, in 莆仙方言大词典 (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, page 228.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
骨	肉
こつ Grade: 6	にく Grade: 2
on'yomi

Noun

骨(こつ)肉(にく) • (kotsuniku) 

1. one's own flesh and blood, a blood relative

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
骨	肉

Noun

骨肉

1. (literary) chữ Hán form of cốt nhục (“one's own flesh and blood, a blood relative”).