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將

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 将
將 U+5C07, 將
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5C07
← 将
[U+5C06] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 專 →
[U+5C08]

Translingual

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Japanese 将
Simplified 将
Traditional 將

Han character

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將 (Kangxi radical 41, 寸+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 女一月木戈 (VMBDI), four-corner 27242, composition ⿰爿⿱𱼀寸)

Derived characters

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Further reading

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 294, character 16
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7438
  • Dae Jaweon: page 583, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2375, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+5C07

Chinese

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trad. 將
simp. 将*
alternative forms 𢪇
𢪽
𤕭

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (爿) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
臧 *ʔsaːŋ
牂 *ʔsaːŋ
戕 *kaːl, *ʔsaːŋ, *zaŋ
贓 *ʔsaːŋ
藏 *zaːŋ, *zaːŋs
奘 *zaːŋʔ, *zaːŋs
臟 *zaːŋs
將 *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs
漿 *ʔsaŋ
鱂 *ʔsaŋ
蔣 *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋʔ
螿 *ʔsaŋ
槳 *ʔsaŋʔ
獎 *ʔsaŋʔ
醬 *ʔsaŋs
鏘 *sʰaŋ
蹡 *sʰaŋ, *ʔshaŋs
嶈 *sʰaŋ
斨 *sʰaŋ
爿 *braːn, *zaŋ
牆 *zaŋ
妝 *ʔsraŋ
莊 *ʔsraŋ
裝 *ʔsraŋ, *ʔsraŋs
壯 *ʔsraŋs
疒 *rnɯːɡ, *zraŋ
床 *zraŋ
牀 *zraŋ
狀 *zraŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ʔsaŋ, *ʔsaŋs): phonetic 爿 (OC *braːn, *zaŋ, “bed; small table”) + semantic ⺼ (“meat”) + semantic 寸 (“hand”) – to offer meat as tribute. Besides pronunciation, 爿 may partly indicate a small cutting board and/or sacrifical table on which the meat is placed. The sacrifical meat and the hand together form the shape 𪧷, which is similar but unrelated to 有.

The ⺼ component is on its side, hence resembles 夕 with an added dot; compare 祭, 然.

Shuowen erroneously considers the phonetic component of 將 to be 醬 (OC *ʔsaŋs, “sauce”) (abbreviated).

Etymology

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A conflation of two roots: “to take; to hold” and “will; be going to; near”.

“to take; to hold” (Pronunciations 1, 2 and 3)
Sino-Tibetan: compare Tibetan འཆང ('chang, “to hold, to keep, to carry”).
“will; be going to; near” (Pronunciation 1)
Austroasiatic: compare Khmer ចង់ (cɑng, “to want, to wish; to approach, to draw near; about to (do something), on the point of”) < Old Khmer caṅa (“to wish, to want”). Cognate with 且 (OC *sʰjaːʔ, *ʔsa, “about to; on the point of; moreover; also”) (Wu, 2015).
anteposed object introductory particle
Pulleyblank (1995) notes that 將 as well as several other particles like 唯 (OC *ɢʷi, *ɢʷiʔ) and 必 (OC *pliɡ) could in Early Classical Chinese topicalize a noun phrase, including predicate objects who are recapitulated with the verb by the pronoun 是 (OC *djeʔ), leading effectively to a construction in the form of "將 O 是 V" ("to V O"), which he notes is superficially similar to the later colloquial usage of 將 and 把.

Pronunciation 1

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Rime
Character 將
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 即良切
Baxter tsjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡siɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡siɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/t͡siaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sĭaŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡si̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiāng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zoeng1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 將
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiāng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsjang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ts]aŋ/
English bring

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 將
Reading # 1/2
No. 10286
Phonetic
component 		爿
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		將
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsaŋ/

Definitions

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將

  1. will; going to
    將來／将来  ―  jiānglái  ―  future [lit. will come]
    人類將滅絕嗎？／人类将灭绝吗？  ―  Rénlèi jiāng mièjué ma?  ―  Will humans go extinct?
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) soon; in the near future
  3. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) nearly; almost
    1. 78th tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "on the verge" (𝍓)
  4. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) just; just now
  5. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) certainly; surely
  6. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to take; to hold; to carry
  7. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) by; by means of; with
  8. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) also; half ... half ...; or
  9. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) if; in the case that ...
  10. Particle introducing the object of the verb, used in the same fashion as 把 but more formal.
    將飯做好／将饭做好  ―  jiāng fàn zuò hǎo  ―  to make the food ready
    將醫生請來／将医生请来  ―  jiāng yīshēng qǐng lái  ―  to send for a doctor
  11. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to support; to assist
  12. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to advance; to go
  13. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to take orders; to follow
  14. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to see off; to send off
  15. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to take along; to bring
  16. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to use; to utilise
  17. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to handle; to deal with
  18. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to eat; to have
  19. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to lead; to guide
    將軍／将军  ―  jiāngjūn  ―  military general
  20. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to submit to; to be obedient to
  21. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to provide for
  22. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to recuperate; to maintain; to take care of one's health
  23. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to express; to convey
  24. (dialectal) to incite someone to action
  25. (dialectal, of animals) to bear (an offspring); to give birth
  26. (chess) to check
    將死／将死  ―  jiāngsǐ  ―  to checkmate
  27. (obsolete or dialectal) Particle placed after the verb and before a resultative phrase (進來, 起來, 進去 etc.).
    走將出來／走将出来  ―  zǒu jiāng chūlái  ―  to walk out
    唱將起來／唱将起来  ―  chàng jiāng qǐlái  ―  to start to sing
  28. (Hong Kong) Short for 將軍澳／将军澳 (Jiāngjūn'ào, “Tseung Kwan O”).
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 把 (“particle introducing a preverbal object”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 將, 把
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 把
Taiwan 把
Singapore 把
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 把
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 把
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 把
Wuhan 把
Guilin 把
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 把
Hefei 把, 幫
Cantonese Guangzhou 將, 𢬿 dated
Hong Kong 將
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 將
Taishan 將
Kaiping (Chikan) 將, 𢬿, 討
Enping (Niujiang) 𢬿, 討
Yangjiang 將
Singapore (Guangfu) 將
Gan Nanchang 把
Hakka Meixian 將, 將把
Xingning 將, 將把, 捉到
Huidong (Daling) 將
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 將
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 將
Changting 將
Wuping 拿
Wuping (Pingyu) 捉
Ninghua 把
Ruijin 將
Shicheng 拿
Shangyou (Shexi) 拿
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 將
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 將
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 將
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 將
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 將
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 將
Jin Taiyuan 把
Northern Min Jian'ou 拿, 邀
Eastern Min Fuzhou 將, 共, 揢
Matsu 揢
Southern Min Xiamen 將, 共
Quanzhou 將, 共
Zhangzhou 將, 共
Tainan 將, 共
Singapore (Hokkien) 將
Manila (Hokkien) 共
Chaozhou 將, 對, 個
Shantou 將, 把將, 對
Jieyang 將, 把, 把將, 對, 忐, 個
Haifeng 將
Singapore (Teochew) 將, 把將
Haikou 把
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 跟
Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 跟
Wu Shanghai 拿
Suzhou 拿
Ningbo 搭, 把 rare
Wenzhou 逮
Xiang Changsha 把
Shuangfeng 把

Usage notes

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In Cantonese, when used for introducing the object of a verb, the action should involve a change or movement of the object.

Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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Rime
Character 將
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 精 (13)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 子亮切
Baxter tsjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/t͡sɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/t͡siɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/t͡siɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/t͡sɨaŋH/
Li
Rong 		/t͡siaŋH/
Wang
Li 		/t͡sĭaŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/t͡si̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jiàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zoeng3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 將
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiàng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tsjangH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[ts]aŋ-s/
English lead (v.); leader

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 將
Reading # 2/2
No. 10294
Phonetic
component 		爿
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		醬
Old
Chinese 		/*ʔsaŋs/

Definitions

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將

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to command; to lead
  2. (military) general
  3. high-ranking military officer
  4. (xiangqi) general; king: 🩧 (on the black side)
  5. (figurative) dab hand (at something); capable person
Coordinate terms
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Compounds

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Pronunciation 3

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Definitions

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將

  1. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) to ask; to request; to invite
  2. (obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) Used in 將將／将将.

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (將):
  • → Japanese: 将(しょう) (shō)
  • → Korean: 장(將) (jang)
  • → Vietnamese: tướng (將), tương (將)

References

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  • “將”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “将”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 106.

Japanese

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Shinjitai

将

Kyūjitai

將

Kanji

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將

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 将)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 将

Readings

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From 將 (MC tsjang, “just now; also, half... half..., or; take, hold; etc.”):

From 將 (MC tsjangH, “command, lead; commander, general; high-ranking military officer”):

Nanori readings:

Etymology

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Kanji in this term
將
Jinmeiyō
nanori

Nominalization of verb 勝る (masaru, “to excel, rival, surpass”).

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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將(まさる) • (Masaru) 

  1. a male given name

Korean

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Alternative forms

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Chinese 將 (MC tsjangH, “commander”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 쟈ᇰ〮 (Yale: cyáng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] 자ᇰ〯슈〮 (Yale: cyǎngsywú) 쟈ᇰ〯 (Yale: cyǎng)

Pronunciation

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  • (in 장군 (將軍, janggun)):
  • (general; commander; etc.):
    • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [t͡ɕa̠(ː)ŋ]
    • Phonetic hangul: [장(ː)]
      • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

將 (eumhun 장수(將帥) 장 (jangsu jang))

  1. hanja form? of 장 (“general; commander”) [noun]
Compounds
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Compounds

Etymology 2

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From Middle Chinese 將 (MC tsjang, “to take; to hold”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 쟈ᇰ (Yale: cyàng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[3] 쟈ᇰᄎᆞ〮 (Yale: cyàngchá) 쟈ᇰ (Yale: cyàng)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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將 (eumhun 장차(將次) 장 (jangcha jang))

  1. hanja form? of 장 (“take, hold; from now on, in the future”) [affix]
Compounds
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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [4]

Old Japanese

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Adverb

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將 (pata) (kana はた)

  1. by chance
  2. also

Derived terms

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Descendants

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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將: Hán Việt readings: tướng (子(tử)亮(lượng)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], tương (資(tư)良(lương)切(thiết))[2][3][4][5]
將: Nôm readings: tướng[1][2][4][6], tương[2][3][7][4]

Etymology 1

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Noun

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將 • (tướng) (tương)

  1. Chữ Hán form of tướng (“(military) general; commander”).
  2. Chữ Hán form of tướng (“(xiangqi) a piece labeled with the character 將 in black”).
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Adverb

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將 • (tương)

  1. Chữ Hán form of tương (“soon; in the near future”).
Derived terms
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References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ^ Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  7. ^ Hồ (1976).
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