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相

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 租
相 U+76F8, 相
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-76F8
← 盷
[U+76F7] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 盹 →
[U+76F9]

Translingual

[edit]
Stroke order
9 strokes

Han character

[edit]

相 (Kangxi radical 109, 目+4, 9 strokes, cangjie input 木月山 (DBU), four-corner 46900, composition ⿰木目)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 800, character 18
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 23151
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1216, character 8
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2470, character 13
  • Unihan data for U+76F8

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 相

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (相) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
相 *slaŋ, *slaŋs
廂 *slaŋ
湘 *slaŋ
緗 *slaŋ
箱 *slaŋ
葙 *slaŋ
想 *slaŋʔ
霜 *sraŋ
孀 *sraŋ
鸘 *sraŋ
驦 *sraŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意 / 会意): 木 (“tree”) + 目 (“eye”) – looking at, or watching the tree.

Etymology

[edit]

An allofam is 胥 (OC *sŋa, *sŋaʔ, “each other; mutually; all; to observe; to assist”) (Gong, 1995; Schuessler, 2007).

Derivative: 想 (OC *slaŋʔ, “to think”) (“appearance > to visualise > to think”).

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note:
  • siong/siang - literary;
  • saⁿ/sio/sa - vernacular;
  • siuⁿ/sioⁿ - vernacular (limited, e.g. 相思).
Note:
  • siang1 - literary;
  • sio1/siê1 - vernacular (siê1 - Chaozhou).
Rime
Character 相
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 息良切
Baxter sjang
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sɨɐŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/siɐŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/siɑŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sɨaŋ/
Li
Rong 		/siaŋ/
Wang
Li 		/sĭaŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/si̯aŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xiāng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		soeng1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 相
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xiāng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sjang ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]aŋ/
English mutually

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 相
Reading # 1/2
No. 13579
Phonetic
component 		相
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		襄
Old
Chinese 		/*slaŋ/

Definitions

[edit]

相

  1. to see for oneself; to evaluate by seeing for oneself
    相女婿  ―  xiāng nǚxù  ―  assess the suitability of a prospective son-in-law or husband
  2. mutually; reciprocally; towards each other; one another
    相望  ―  xiāngwàng  ―  to look at each other
    相逢  ―  xiāngféng  ―  to meet by chance
  3. together; jointly
  4. successively; one after another
  5. used before a verb to indicate the action is performed by one person towards another
    相信  ―  xiàngxìn  ―  to believe
    如實相告／如实相告  ―  rúshí xiānggào  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    出手相救  ―  chūshǒu xiāngjiù  ―  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
  6. a surname

Synonyms

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  • (to each other; a meaningless element): 廝 / 厮 (sī)

Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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Note:
  • soeng3-2 - “photo; picture”.
Note:
  • lhiang1* - “photo; picture”.
Note:
  • sieo4/siuⁿ4 - vernacular;
  • syeng4/syeng4 - literary.
Note:
  • siòng/siàng - literary;
  • siùⁿ/siòⁿ/siàuⁿ - vernacular.
Note:
  • siang3 - literary;
  • sion3/siên3 - vernacular (siên3 - Chaozhou).
Rime
Character 相
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 心 (16)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 息亮切
Baxter sjangH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/sɨɐŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/siɐŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/siɑŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/sɨaŋH/
Li
Rong 		/siaŋH/
Wang
Li 		/sĭaŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/si̯aŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xiàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		soeng3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 相
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xiàng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sjangH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[s]aŋ-s/
English appearance, quality

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 相
Reading # 2/2
No. 13586
Phonetic
component 		相
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		相
Old
Chinese 		/*slaŋs/

Definitions

[edit]

相

  1. to look at; to examine the appearance and judge; to observe
  2. looks; appearance; features
    長相／长相  ―  zhǎngxiàng  ―  facial features
  3. posture; bearing
    睡相  ―  shuìxiàng  ―  posture during sleep
  4. demeanour; manners
    吃相  ―  chīxiàng  ―  table manners
  5. photo; picture; photograph (Classifier: 張／张 m c; 幅 c)
    影幾張相／影几张相 [Cantonese]  ―  jing2 gei2 zoeng1 soeng3-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to take a few pictures
  6. phase; exterior; stage; period
  7. (physics) phase
    相空間／相空间  ―  xiàngkōngjiān  ―  phase space
    相位  ―  xiàngwèi  ―  phase
    月相  ―  yuèxiàng  ―  lunar phase
  8. (geology) facies
  9. to physiognomise; to practise physiognomy; to tell fortune by reading the subject's facial features
    相面  ―  xiàngmiàn  ―  to tell somebody's fortune by their face
  10. physiognomy; practice of physiognomy
  11. to choose; to pick
  12. to assist; to help; to oversee
    相夫教子  ―  xiàngfūjiàozǐ  ―  to help one's husband while bringing up one's children
  13. (Chinese mythology) Xiang of Xia (fifth king of the semi-legendary Xia dynasty)
  14. (chiefly historical) Chancellor of State
  15. (xiangqi) minister: 🩢 (on the red side)
  16. (historical) master of ceremonies
  17. (historical) attendant
  18. to administer; to govern
  19. to teach; to instruct
  20. a person who guides or leads a blind person
  21. (Teochew, Haifeng Min) to believe
  22. a surname
Synonyms
[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 照片 (“photograph”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 照片, 相片
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 相片兒, 照片兒
Taiwan 相片
Chengde 相片兒
Chifeng 照片, 相片兒
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 相片兒
Heihe 照片, 相片兒
Qiqihar 照片, 相片
Harbin 照片兒, 相片兒
Jiamusi 照片, 相片
Baicheng 照片兒, 相片兒
Changchun 相片兒
Tonghua 相片兒
Shenyang 照片兒, 相片兒
Jinzhou 相片, 照片
Singapore 照片
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 相片兒
Tangshan 照片, 相片兒
Cangzhou 照片兒, 相片兒
Baoding 相片兒
Shijiazhuang 相片兒
Lijin 照片兒, 相片兒
Jinan 相片, 照片, 相片兒, 照片兒
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 相片兒
Dandong 照片, 相片兒
Yantai 相片兒
Qingdao 相片兒
Zhucheng 照片兒, 相片兒
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 相片兒
Lingbao 相片兒
Jining 照片兒, 相片兒
Wanrong 相片兒
Linfen 相片兒
Yuanyang 照片, 相片
Zhengzhou 相片兒
Xinyang 相片兒
Baihe 相片兒, 照片兒
Xi'an 照片兒, 相片兒
Baoji 相片
Tianshui 照片, 相片
Xining 照片, 相片
Xuzhou 照片兒, 相片兒
Fuyang 照片, 相片兒
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 相片
Lanzhou 照片, 相片
Dunhuang 相片
Hami 照片, 相片
Ürümqi 相片, 相片子
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 照片兒, 相片兒, 相片
Nanchong 照片, 相片
Dazhou 相片
Hanyuan 相片
Xichang 照片, 相片
Zigong 照片, 相片兒
Chongqing 相片
Wuhan 照片, 相片子, 相片, 相
Yichang 照片, 相片
Xiangyang 照片, 相片
Tianmen 照片, 相片
Guiyang 相片
Zunyi 相片
Bijie 相片
Liping 相片
Zhaotong 相片
Dali 照片, 相片
Kunming 照片, 相片
Mengzi 相片
Guilin 相片
Liuzhou 照片, 相片
Jishou 照片, 相片
Changde 照片
Hanzhong 照片, 相片
Dagudi (Maliba) 相片
Reshuitang (Longling) 相片
Mae Salong (Lancang) 相片
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 相片
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 相片
Yangzhou 照片, 小照, 相片
Lianyungang 照片, 相片
Lianshui 相片
Nantong 照片, 相片
Anqing 照片, 相片
Wuhu 照片, 相片
Hefei 照片, 相片
Hong'an 照片, 相片, 相
Cantonese Guangzhou 相片, 相
Hong Kong 相
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 相
Taishan 相
Taishan (Guanghai) 相片, 相
Kaiping (Chikan) 相
Yangjiang 相
Rongxian 相片
Hepu (Lianzhou) 相片
Hepu (Shatian) 相片
Beihai 相片
Beihai (Nankang) 相片
Beihai (Yingpan) 相片
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 相片
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 相片
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 相片
Ipoh (Guangfu) 相
Singapore (Guangfu) 相片, 相
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 相片
Móng Cái 相片
Mandalay (Taishan) 相片
Bangkok (Guangfu) 相片
Betong (Rongxian) 相片
Gan Nanchang 相片, 相片子
Hakka Meixian 相片
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 相片
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 相片
Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) 相片
Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) 相片
Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) 相片
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 相片, 寫真
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 相片, 寫真
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 相片, 寫真
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 相片, 寫真, 寫真相
Hong Kong 相片
Huizhou Shexian 照片, 相片
Jin Taiyuan 相片, 相片子, 照相片
Yangyuan 照片兒, 相片兒
Datong 相片兒
Xinzhou 相片子
Lüliang (Lishi) 照片兒, 相片兒
Changzhi 照片兒, 相片兒
Linhe 照片, 相片
Jining 照片
Hohhot 相片兒
Erenhot 照片兒, 相片兒
Pingshan 相片兒
Zhangjiakou 照片兒
Handan 照片, 相片
Linzhou 相片
Suide 相片兒
Northern Min Jian'ou 相, 相片
Eastern Min Fuzhou 相, 相片
Matsu 相片
Southern Min Xiamen 像片, 相, 小影, 影
Quanzhou 像片, 影
Zhangzhou 影
Zhao'an 影相
New Taipei (Tamsui) 像, 相片
New Taipei (Pingxi) 相片
Kaohsiung 相片, 像
Kaohsiung (Cijin) 像
Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang) 相
Yilan (Toucheng) 相片
Tainan (Anping) 相片
Penghu (Xiyu) 相
Penang (Hokkien) 小影
Singapore (Hokkien) 像
Manila (Hokkien) 像
Chaozhou 相
Shantou 相片, 相
Jieyang 小影, 相, 相片
Bangkok (Teochew) 相片
Chiang Mai (Teochew) 相
Hat Yai (Teochew) 小影, 相片
Singapore (Teochew) 像
Pontianak (Teochew) 相
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 相
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 相片
Wu Shanghai 照相, 照片, 寫真
Suzhou 照, 照片
Wenzhou 照相
Xiang Changsha 相片子, 相片, 相
Shuangfeng 相片子, 相片
  • (to believe):
Dialectal synonyms of 相信 (“to believe”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 相信
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 信
Taiwan 相信
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 相信
Harbin 相信
Shenyang 相信, 信
Malaysia 相信
Singapore 相信
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 信
Tangshan 信
Cangzhou 信
Baoding 信
Shijiazhuang 信
Jinan 信
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 信
Qingdao 信
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 信
Wanrong 信
Zhengzhou 信
Xi'an 相信, 信
Xining 相信, 信服, 信
Xuzhou 相信, 信
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 相信, 信
Lanzhou 相信
Ürümqi 信, 相信
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 相信, 信, 信實
Chongqing 信
Wuhan 相信, 信
Guiyang 相信, 信
Kunming 相信, 信
Guilin 相信
Liuzhou 相信, 信
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 相信
Yangzhou 相信, 信
Nantong 相信, 信
Hefei 相信, 信
Cantonese Guangzhou 相信, 信
Hong Kong 相信, 信
Yangjiang 相信, 信
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 信
Singapore (Guangfu) 信
Gan Nanchang 相信, 信
Pingxiang 信
Hakka Meixian 相信
Yudu 相信
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 相信
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 相信
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 相信
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 相信
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 相信
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 相信
Huizhou Jixi 相信
Jin Taiyuan 相信, 信
Xinzhou 相信, 信
Linhe 相信, 信
Jining 相信
Hohhot 相信, 信
Zhangjiakou 相信
Handan 相信, 信
Northern Min Jian'ou 相信
Eastern Min Fuzhou 相信, 信用, 信
Southern Min Xiamen 相信
Quanzhou 相信
Zhangzhou 相信
Tainan 相信
Penang (Hokkien) 相信
Singapore (Hokkien) 相信
Manila (Hokkien) 相信
Chaozhou 相信
Jieyang 相信, 相
Singapore (Teochew) 相信
Leizhou 信
Haikou 相信
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 相信
Wu Shanghai 相信
Shanghai (Chongming) 相信
Suzhou 相信
Danyang 相信
Hangzhou 相信
Ningbo 相信
Wenzhou 相信, 信
Jinhua 相信
Xiang Changsha 信
Loudi 信
Shuangfeng 相信, 信
Coordinate terms
[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • “相”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
  • 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “相”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 258.
  • 莆田市政协文化文史和学习委员会 [Culture, History and Learning Committee of Putian CPPCC], editor (2021), “相”, in 莆仙方言大词典 [Comprehensive Dictionary of Puxian Dialect] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), Xiamen University Press, →ISBN, pages 487, 518.

Japanese

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Kanji

[edit]
相

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. mutual, reciprocal, with one another
  2. appearance, look

Readings

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjang); compare Mandarin 相 (xiāng):

  • Go-on: そう (sō, Jōyō)←さう (sau, historical)
  • Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)←しやう (syau, historical)

From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjangH); compare Mandarin 相 (xiàng):

From native Japanese roots:

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
相
あい
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 相 – see the following entry.
【あい】
[prefix] mutual, together, each other
[prefix] used in official or epistolary writings for elegance or politeness
(This term, 相, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
相
こもごも
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 相 – see the following entry.
【こもごも】
[adverb] alternating; one after another
[adverb] all mixed up and indistinct
Alternative spellings
交々, 交, 更
(This term, 相, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 3

[edit]
Kanji in this term
相
さが
Grade: 3
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese.

Alternative forms

[edit]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

相(さが) • (saga) 

  1. nature, personality
  2. fate, destiny
  3. a habit, custom, or practice
  4. the good and bad of a person; especially, one's faults
Synonyms
[edit]

Etymology 4

[edit]
Kanji in this term
相
しょう
Grade: 3
kan'on

From Middle Chinese 相 (“together, with”), from the way that a minister would always be with their lord. Kan'on, so likely a later borrowing than the sō reading.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Suffix

[edit]

相(しょう) • (-shō) ←しゃう (-syau)?

  1. minister of state
    首(しゅ)相(しょう)
    shushō
    prime minister
    内(ない)相(しょう)
    naishō
    minister of the interior
Synonyms
[edit]

Etymology 5

[edit]
Kanji in this term
相
そう
Grade: 3
goon

From Middle Chinese. Goon, so likely an earlier borrowing than the shō reading.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

相(そう) • (sō) ←さう (sau)?

  1. appearance, how something looks
  2. an aspect of something
    大(だい)自(し)然(ぜん)の色(いろ)々(いろ)な相(そう)
    daishizen no iroiro na sō
    various aspects of nature
  3. (grammar) grammatical aspect
  4. (physics) a phase, as of matter
  5. (ikebana) the central supporting branch of an ikebana arrangement
[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjang, “mutual; together”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ (Yale: syàng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 서르 샤ᇰ[2] Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ (syang) (Yale: syàng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.[1]
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 서ᄅᆞ 샹 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 샹 (Yale: syang) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
  1. ^ Identical eumhun in Gwangju Cheonjamun and Sinjeung Yuhap.
  2. ^ 本平聲 [Level tone]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

相 (eumhun 서로 상 (seoro sang))

  1. hanja form? of 상 (“mutual; together”)

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 相 (MC sjangH, “appearance”).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ〮 (Yale: syáng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527 ᄌᆡ〯샤ᇰ〮[1] 샤ᇰ〮 Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ〮 (syáng) (Yale: syáng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Early Modern Korean
Text Final (韻) Reading
Samun Seonghwi, 1751 졍승[2] 샹 Recorded as Early Modern Korean 샹 (Yale: syang) in Juhae Cheonjamun (註解千字文 / 주해천자문), 1804.
  1. ^ 宰相 [Chancellor of State]
  2. ^ 政丞 [Minister]

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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相 (eumhun 바탕 상 (batang sang))

  1. hanja form? of 상 (“looks; appearance”)
  2. hanja form? of 상 (“minister of state”)

Compounds

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References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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相: Hán Nôm readings: tương

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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