過去
Appearance
See also: 过去
Chinese
[edit]to cross; to go over; (experienced action marker) to cross; to go over; (experienced action marker); to pass; to celebrate; to live; to get along; excessively; too- |
to go; to leave; to remove | ||
---|---|---|---|
trad. (過去) | 過 | 去 | |
simp. (过去) | 过 | 去 |
Etymology
[edit]- "the past"
- Originally a Buddhist calque of Sanskrit अतीत (atīta, “[what has] gone by; bygone; the past”, past participle), from अति (ati, “over; beyond”) + verb root इ (i, “to go”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): gwo3 heoi3
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): ko-hi
- Eastern Min (BUC): guó-kó̤
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 5ku-chi; 5ku-chiu
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄛˋ ㄑㄩˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: guòcyù
- Wade–Giles: kuo4-chʻü4
- Yale: gwò-chyù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guohchiuh
- Palladius: гоцюй (gocjuj)
- Sinological IPA (key): /ku̯ɔ⁵¹⁻⁵³ t͡ɕʰy⁵¹/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гуәчи (guəči, III-I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuə⁴⁴ t͡ɕʰi²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Jyutping: gwo3 heoi3
- Yale: gwo heui
- Cantonese Pinyin: gwo3 hoey3
- Guangdong Romanization: guo3 hêu3
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʷɔː³³ hɵy̯³³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)+
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ko-hi
- Hakka Romanization System: go hi
- Hagfa Pinyim: go4 hi4
- Sinological IPA: /ko⁵⁵ hi⁵⁵/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: guó-kó̤
- Sinological IPA (key): /kuo²¹³⁻⁵³ (kʰ-)ɔ²¹³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Hsinchu)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kè-khì
- Tâi-lô: kè-khì
- Phofsit Daibuun: kea'qix
- IPA (Taipei): /ke¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰi¹¹/
- IPA (Xiamen): /ke²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Lukang, Sanxia, Kinmen, Hsinchu)
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Yilan, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kòe-khì
- Tâi-lô: kuè-khì
- Phofsit Daibuun: koea'qix
- IPA (Zhangzhou, Tainan, Yilan): /kue²¹⁻⁵³ kʰi²¹/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /kue²¹⁻⁴¹ kʰi²¹/
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kè-khù
- Tâi-lô: kè-khù
- Phofsit Daibuun: kea'qux
- IPA (Taipei): /ke¹¹⁻⁵³ kʰu¹¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Taipei, Hsinchu)
Note: 去 is toneless for verb sense.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: kuê3 ke3
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khuè khṳ̀
- Sinological IPA (key): /kʰue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ kʰɯ²¹³/
- (Teochew)
- Wu
Note: 5ku-chiu is employed for the noun sense, and 5ku-chi the verb..
- Middle Chinese: kwaH khjoH
Noun
[edit]過去
- the past
Synonyms
[edit]- 以往 (yǐwǎng)
- 前時 / 前时 (qiánshí) (literary)
- 原來 / 原来 (yuánlái)
- 向時 / 向时 (xiàngshí)
- 向時仔 / 向时仔 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
- 夙昔 (sùxī) (literary)
- 已往 (yǐwǎng)
- 平昔 (píngxī) (literary)
- 往前 (wǎngqián)
- 往常 (wǎngcháng)
- 往日 (wǎngrì) (literary)
- 往昔 (wǎngxī) (literary)
- 往時 / 往时 (wǎngshí)
- 往時仔 / 往时仔 (Min Nan)
- 從前 / 从前 (cóngqián)
- 既往 (jìwǎng)
- 日前 (rìqián) (literary)
- 日者 (rìzhě) (literary)
- 早日 (zǎorì)
- 昔年 (xīnián) (literary)
- 昔日 (xīrì) (literary)
- 昔者 (xīzhě) (literary)
- 曩昔 (nǎngxī) (literary)
- 異日 / 异日 (yìrì) (literary)
- 當年 / 当年
- 疇昔 / 畴昔 (chóuxī) (literary)
- 素日 (sùrì) (literary)
- 老底子 (lǎodǐzi) (dialectal)
- 舊𫢗時 / 旧𫢗时 (gu7 diang1 si5) (Teochew)
- 舊底 / 旧底 (gau6 dai2) (Cantonese, Min Nan)
- 舊時 / 旧时 (jiùshí)
- 舊陣時 / 旧阵时 (Cantonese)
- 過往 / 过往 (guòwǎng)
Verb
[edit]過去
- to go over; to pass by
- to have already happened; to be in the past
- (euphemistic) to die; to pass away
Usage notes
[edit]In the euphemistic sense to die, must be followed by 了 (le).
Synonyms
[edit]- (to die):
- 下世 (xiàshì) (formal)
- 上天 (shàngtiān) (euphemistic)
- 上路 (shànglù) (euphemistic)
- 不在 (bùzài) (euphemistic)
- 不幸 (bùxìng) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
- 不祿 / 不禄 (bùlù) (archaic, euphemistic, of military officers)
- 亡
- 亡故 (wánggù) (literary)
- 仙逝 (xiānshì) (euphemistic)
- 仙遊 / 仙游 (xiānyóu) (euphemistic)
- 作古 (zuògǔ) (literary, euphemistic)
- 做鬼 (zuòguǐ) (colloquial)
- 傾世 / 倾世 (qīngshì) (literary)
- 傾亡 / 倾亡 (qīngwáng) (literary)
- 入寂 (rùjì) (Buddhism, of Buddhist monks)
- 凋謝 / 凋谢 (diāoxiè) (to die of old age)
- 化去 (huàqù) (euphemistic)
- 升天 (shēngtiān) (euphemistic)
- 即世 (jíshì) (literary)
- 去世 (qùshì)
- 合眼 (héyǎn) (euphemistic)
- 喪亡 / 丧亡 (sàngwáng) (literary)
- 喪命 / 丧命 (sàngmìng) (euphemistic)
- 喪生 / 丧生 (sàngshēng) (euphemistic)
- 嗚呼 / 呜呼 (wūhū) (euphemistic)
- 嗝屁 (gěpì) (Mandarin, vulgar, dysphemistic)
- 嚥氣 / 咽气 (yànqì) (colloquial)
- 回老家 (huí lǎojiā) (euphemistic, humorous)
- 圓寂 / 圆寂 (yuánjì) (of Buddhist monks or nuns)
- 壽終正寢 / 寿终正寝 (shòuzhōngzhèngqǐn) (euphemistic)
- 失氣 / 失气 (shīqì) (literary)
- 安息 (ānxī) (euphemistic)
- 安眠 (ānmián) (euphemistic)
- 小喇叭兒吹了 / 小喇叭儿吹了 (xiǎo lǎbār chuī le) (Beijing Mandarin)
- 就義 / 就义 (jiùyì) (to die a martyr)
- 崩 (bēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 崩殂 (bēngcú) (Classical, of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 彈老三 / 弹老三 (Northern Wu, informal, humorous)
- 往生 (wǎngshēng) (euphemistic)
- 忽然 (hūrán) (Classical Chinese, euphemistic)
- 掛 / 挂 (guà) (slang, humorous)
- 故 (gù)
- 故世 (gùshì) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
- 故去 (gùqù) (euphemistic, chiefly of one's elders)
- 斃命 / 毙命 (bìmìng) (pejorative)
- 早死 (zǎosǐ)
- 晏駕 / 晏驾 (yànjià) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 枯死 (kūsǐ) (literary, figurative)
- 棄世 / 弃世 (qìshì) (literary)
- 歸天 / 归天 (guītiān) (euphemistic)
- 歸西 / 归西 (guīxī) (euphemistic)
- 歸道山 / 归道山 (guī dàoshān) (literary, euphemistic)
- 死 (sǐ)
- 死亡 (sǐwáng) (formal)
- 死人 (sǐrén)
- 死去 (sǐqù) (informal)
- 死掉 (sǐdiào) (informal)
- 死翹翹 / 死翘翘 (sǐqiàoqiào) (informal, humorous)
- 死脫 / 死脱 (5shi-theq) (Wu)
- 殞 / 殒 (yǔn) (archaic)
- 氣絕 / 气绝 (qìjué) (literary)
- 永眠 (yǒngmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
- 沒世 / 没世 (mòshì) (literary)
- 沉眠 (chénmián) (euphemistic)
- 消忒 (Hakka, euphemistic)
- 物化 (wùhuà) (literary)
- 狗帶 / 狗带 (gǒudài) (slang, neologism)
- 畢命 / 毕命 (bìmìng) (formal, euphemistic)
- 病亡 (bìngwáng) (to die of illness)
- 病故 (bìnggù) (to die of illness)
- 病死 (bìngsǐ) (to die of illness)
- 病逝 (bìngshì) (to die of illness)
- 瘐死 (yǔsǐ) (of deaths in prison)
- 百年歸老 / 百年归老 (bǎiniánguīlǎo) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
- 盡命 / 尽命 (jìnmìng) (literary, euphemistic)
- 終 / 终 (zhōng) (literary, or in compounds, euphemistic)
- 絕 / 绝 (jué) (literary, or in compounds)
- 翹辮子 / 翘辫子 (qiào biànzi) (informal, humorous)
- 老了 (lǎo le) (euphemistic, of the elderly)
- 蒙主寵召 / 蒙主宠召 (méngzhǔchǒngzhào) (Christianity, euphemistic)
- 薨 (hōng) (Classical Chinese, of feudal lords or high officials)
- 薨逝 (hōngshì) (of feudal lords)
- 被難 / 被难 (bèinàn) (to be killed in a disaster, political incident, etc.)
- 見背 / 见背 (jiànbèi) (literary, of one's parents or elders)
- 見閻王 / 见阎王 (jiàn Yánwáng) (figurative)
- 見馬克思 / 见马克思 (jiàn Mǎkèsī) (communism, euphemistic)
- 謝世 / 谢世 (xièshì) (literary)
- 賓天 / 宾天 (bīntiān) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 走 (zǒu) (euphemistic)
- 走去踮 (Hokkien, euphemistic)
- 身亡 (shēnwáng) (formal, usually from unnatural causes)
- 辭世 / 辞世 (císhì) (literary)
- 辭塵 / 辞尘 (cíchén) (literary, euphemistic)
- 逝世 (shìshì)
- 進棺材 / 进棺材 (jìn guāncái)
- 過世 / 过世 (guòshì)
- 過往 / 过往 (Hokkien, euphemistic, Teochew, euphemistic)
- 過身 / 过身 (guòshēn) (literary)
- 過面 / 过面 (Hokkien)
- 長山賣鴨卵 / 长山卖鸭卵 (Hakka, euphemistic)
- 長眠 / 长眠 (chángmián) (euphemistic, honorific)
- 閉眼 / 闭眼 (bìyǎn) (euphemistic)
- 隕落 / 陨落 (yǔnluò) (euphemistic)
- 離世 / 离世 (líshì) (euphemistic)
- 駕崩 / 驾崩 (jiàbēng) (of a king, emperor, monarch, etc.)
- 駕鶴西去 / 驾鹤西去 (jiàhèxīqù) (euphemistic)
- 駕鶴西遊 / 驾鹤西游 (jiàhèxīyóu) (euphemistic)
- 龍馭上賓 / 龙驭上宾 (lóngyùshàngbīn) (of an emperor)
Derived terms
[edit]Japanese
[edit]Kanji in this term | |
---|---|
過 | 去 |
か Grade: 5 |
こ Grade: 3 |
on'yomi |
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]- the past (period of time that has already happened)
- 2003 September 22, Akinobu Uraku, “第61話 愛しきものの為に [Chapter 61: All for Our Loved Ones]”, in 東京アンダーグラウンド [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Square Enix, →ISBN, pages 48–49:
- 過去を断ち切る力 見せてもらいたいものね
- Kako o tachikiru chikara misete moraitai mono ne
- Your willingness to cut ties with the past. Show me.
- 過去を断ち切る力 見せてもらいたいものね
- 2007 July 21, “六武衆の侍従 [Chamberlain of the Six Samurai]”, in GLADIATOR'S ASSAULT, Konami:
- 六武衆を陰で支える謎多き人物。今はもう闘う事はないが、体に刻まれた無数の傷跡が何かを語る。その過去を知る者はいない。
- Rokubushū o kage de sasaeru nazōoki jinbutsu. Ima wa mō tatakau koto wa nai ga, karada ni kizamareta musū no kizuato ga nanika o kataru. Sono kako o shiru mono wa inai.
- An enigmatic character who supports the Six Samurai from the shadows. He no longer engages in battles, but countless scars on his body definitely tell something. No one really knows about that past of his, though.
- 六武衆を陰で支える謎多き人物。今はもう闘う事はないが、体に刻まれた無数の傷跡が何かを語る。その過去を知る者はいない。
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
Korean
[edit]Hanja in this term | |
---|---|
過 | 去 |
Noun
[edit]Vietnamese
[edit]chữ Hán Nôm in this term | |
---|---|
過 | 去 |
Noun
[edit]過去
Categories:
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- zh:Past
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- Japanese terms spelled with 去 read as こ
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