Jump to content

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: and
U+58DE, 壞
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58DE

[U+58DD]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+58DF]

Translingual

[edit]
Traditional
Shinjitai
Simplified

Han character

[edit]

(Kangxi radical 32, +16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 土卜田女 (GYWV), four-corner 44132, composition )

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590
  • Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+58DE

Chinese

[edit]

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡruːls) : semantic (earth) + phonetic (OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl). The radical of the earth is used since something that rots eventually becomes earth.

Etymology 1

[edit]
trad.
simp. *
alternative forms

Compare Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, to become putrid/rotten), Tibetan བྲུལ (brul, crumbles) (Hill, 2019).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Note:
  • huai7 - literary;
  • huai1 - vernacular.
Note:
  • fai4 - literary;
  • fai5 - vernacular.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial () (28) (33)
Final () (34) (34)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division () II II
Fanqie
Baxter kweajH hweajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠuɛiH/ /ɦˠuɛiH/
Pan
Wuyun
/kʷᵚæiH/ /ɦʷᵚæiH/
Shao
Rongfen
/kuɐiH/ /ɣuɐiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kwəɨjH/ /ɦwəɨjH/
Li
Rong
/kuɛiH/ /ɣuɛiH/
Wang
Li
/kwɐiH/ /ɣwɐiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/kwăiH/ /ɣwăiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
guài huài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gwaai3 waai6
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
huài huài huài huài huài
Middle
Chinese
‹ hwɛjH › ‹ hwɛjH › ‹ hwojX › ‹ hwojX › ‹ kwɛjH ›
Old
Chinese
/*N-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/ /*m-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/ /*N-[k]ˁujʔ/ /*m-[k]ˁujʔ/ /*[k]ʷˁ<r>ujʔ-s/
English be destroyed destroy be destroyed destroy destroy

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 5344
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
2
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡruːls/

Definitions

[edit]

  1. bad
      ―  huàirén  ―  bad person
    習慣习惯  ―  huài xíguàn  ―  bad habits
  2. rotten; spoiled
    雞蛋鸡蛋  ―  huài jīdàn  ―  rotten egg
    蘋果苹果  ―  Zhè píngguǒ huài le.  ―  This apple is rotten.
    牛奶牛奶  ―  Niúnǎi huài le.  ―  The milk is spoiled.
  3. to spoil; to ruin
    大事大事  ―  huài le dàshì  ―  to ruin an important thing
    過期牛奶肚子 [MSC, trad.]
    过期牛奶肚子 [MSC, simp.]
    Guòqī de niúnǎi hē le huì huài dùzi. [Pinyin]
    Drinking expired milk will (would cause or lead to) upset stomach (gastrointestinal symptoms).
  4. to break; to stop working
    鏡子镜子  ―  jìngzǐ shuāi huài le  ―  to have smashed a mirror
    聽說掃地機器人容易 [MSC, trad.]
    听说扫地机器人容易 [MSC, simp.]
    Tīngshuō sǎodì jīqìrén hěn róngyì huài. [Pinyin]
    I've heard that robot vacuums breaks (stops working) very easily.
    而家真係犀利 [Cantonese, trad.]
    而家真系犀利 [Cantonese, simp.]
    dou3 ji4 gaa1 dou1 zung6 mei6 waai6, zan1 hai6 sai1 lei6. [Jyutping]
    It's amazing, it hasn't broken.
  5. (Classical) to collapse
  6. (Classical) to demolish; to destroy
  7. bad idea; dirty trick
  8. extremely; very; highly
      ―  xià huài le  ―  to be badly scared
Synonyms
[edit]
  • (bad):
  • (to spoil):
  • (to ruin):
  • (extremely):
Antonyms
[edit]
  • (antonym(s) of bad): (hǎo)

Compounds

[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]
trad.
simp. *
alternative forms

Siyi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

[edit]

Definitions

[edit]

  1. (Cantonese) naughty; mischievous; rebellious; disobedient
Synonyms
[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Shinjitai

Kyūjitai

Kanji

[edit]

(Jinmeiyō kanjikyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form )

  1. Kyūjitai form of : break

Readings

[edit]

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese (MC kweajH).

Pronunciation

[edit]
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kwe̞(ː)] ~ [kø̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [(ː)/(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 무너질 (muneojil goe))

  1. hanja form? of (to break; to collapse)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

: Hán Nôm readings: hoại, hoải, hoai

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.