壞

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See also: 壊 and 坏
壞 U+58DE, 壞
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58DE
← 壝
[U+58DD] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 壟 →
[U+58DF]

Translingual

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Traditional 壞
Shinjitai 壊
Simplified 坏

Han character

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壞 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 土卜田女 (GYWV), four-corner 44132, composition ⿰土褱)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5590
  • Dae Jaweon: page 481, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+58DE

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (褱) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
瓌 *kuːl
櫰 *kuːl, *ɡruːl
褱 *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl
懷 *ɡruːl
瀤 *ɡruːl
壞 *ɡruːls
蘾 *ɡruːls

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡruːls) : semantic 土 (“earth”) + phonetic 褱 (OC *ɡruːl, *ɡruːl). The radical of the earth is used since something that rots eventually becomes earth.

Etymology 1

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trad. 壞
simp. 坏*
alternative forms 坯

Compare Tibetan འདྲུལ ('drul, “to become putrid/rotten”), Tibetan བྲུལ (brul, “crumbles”) (Hill, 2019).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • huai7 - literary;
  • huai1 - vernacular.
Note:
  • fai4 - literary;
  • fai5 - vernacular.
Rime
Character 壞 壞
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 見 (28) 匣 (33)
Final (韻) 皆 (34) 皆 (34)
Tone (調) Departing (H) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed Closed
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 古壞切 胡怪切
Baxter kweajH hweajH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠuɛiH/ /ɦˠuɛiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kʷᵚæiH/ /ɦʷᵚæiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kuɐiH/ /ɣuɐiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kwəɨjH/ /ɦwəɨjH/
Li
Rong 		/kuɛiH/ /ɣuɛiH/
Wang
Li 		/kwɐiH/ /ɣwɐiH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kwăiH/ /ɣwăiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		guài huài
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gwaai3 waai6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 壞 壞 壞 壞 壞
Reading # 1/5 2/5 3/5 4/5 5/5
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		huài huài huài huài huài
Middle
Chinese 		‹ hwɛjH › ‹ hwɛjH › ‹ hwojX › ‹ hwojX › ‹ kwɛjH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*N-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/ /*m-[k]ˁ<r>uj-s/ /*N-[k]ˁujʔ/ /*m-[k]ˁujʔ/ /*[k]ʷˁ<r>ujʔ-s/
English be destroyed destroy be destroyed destroy destroy

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 壞
Reading # 1/1
No. 5344
Phonetic
component 		褱
Rime
group 		微
Rime
subdivision 		2
Corresponding
MC rime 		壞
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡruːls/

Definitions

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壞

  1. bad
    壞人／坏人  ―  huàirén  ―  bad person
    壞習慣／坏习惯  ―  huài xíguàn  ―  bad habits
  2. rotten; spoiled
    壞雞蛋／坏鸡蛋  ―  huài jīdàn  ―  rotten egg
    這蘋果壞了。／这苹果坏了。  ―  Zhè píngguǒ huài le.  ―  This apple is rotten.
    牛奶壞了。／牛奶坏了。  ―  Niúnǎi huài le.  ―  The milk is spoiled.
  3. to spoil; to ruin
    壞了大事／坏了大事  ―  huài le dàshì  ―  to ruin an important thing
    過期的牛奶喝了會壞肚子。 [MSC, trad.]
    过期的牛奶喝了会坏肚子。 [MSC, simp.]
    Guòqī de niúnǎi hē le huì huài dùzi. [Pinyin]
    Drinking expired milk will (would cause or lead to) upset stomach (gastrointestinal symptoms).
  4. to break; to stop working
    鏡子摔壞了／镜子摔坏了  ―  jìngzǐ shuāi huài le  ―  to have smashed a mirror
    聽說掃地機器人很容易壞。 [MSC, trad.]
    听说扫地机器人很容易坏。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tīngshuō sǎodì jīqìrén hěn róngyì huài. [Pinyin]
    I've heard that robot vacuums breaks (stops working) very easily.
    到而家都仲未壞，真係犀利。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    到而家都仲未坏，真系犀利。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    dou3 ji4 gaa1 dou1 zung6 mei6 waai6, zan1 hai6 sai1 lei6. [Jyutping]
    It's amazing, it hasn't broken.
  5. (Classical) to collapse
  6. (Classical) to demolish; to destroy
  7. bad idea; dirty trick
  8. extremely; very; highly
    嚇壞了／吓坏了  ―  xià huài le  ―  to be badly scared
Synonyms
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  • (bad):
Dialectal synonyms of 壞 (“bad; not good”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 惡
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 壞
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 壞, 賴
Taiwan 壞
Malaysia 壞
Singapore 壞
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 壞, 孬, 賴
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 瞎, 壞
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 壞
Wuhan 壞, 拐
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 壞
Hefei 壞
Cantonese Guangzhou 壞, 弊, 衰
Hong Kong 壞, 衰
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 衰
Yangjiang 壞
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 衰
Singapore (Guangfu) 衰
Gan Nanchang 壞
Hakka Meixian 壞
Wuhua (Meilin) 衰
Jin Taiyuan 賴, 壞
Northern Min Jian'ou 壞, 獰
Eastern Min Fuzhou 呆, 否
Southern Min Xiamen 歹, 䆀
Xiamen (Tong'an) 歹
Quanzhou 歹
Jinjiang 歹
Nan'an 歹
Shishi 歹
Zhangzhou 䆀
Zhao'an 䆀, 孬
Tainan 歹
Penang (Hokkien) 䆀, 歹
Singapore (Hokkien) 歹
Manila (Hokkien) 歹
Datian 歹
Chaozhou 孬
Shantou 孬
Jieyang 孬, 歹
Puning 孬
Singapore (Teochew) 歹, 孬
Leizhou 㾀
Wenchang 㾀
Haikou 㾀
Singapore (Hainanese) 㾀
Wu Shanghai 壞, 恘
Suzhou 壞, 恘
Ningbo 歪, 推扳, 嘸做
Wenzhou 毛
Xiang Changsha 壞, 拐
Shuangfeng 壞, 拐
Dialectal synonyms of 壞 (“rotten; spoilt”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 壞
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 壞
Malaysia 壞
Singapore 壞
Cantonese Hong Kong 壞
Singapore (Guangfu) 壞
Hakka Miaoli (N. Sixian) 壞
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 壞
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 壞
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 壞
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 壞
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 壞
Southern Min Taipei 歹 GT
Penang (Hokkien) 歹
Singapore (Hokkien) 歹
Wu Ningbo 壞, 嘸做
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)
  • (to spoil):
edit
  • (to ruin):
edit
  • (extremely):
edit
Antonyms
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  • (antonym(s) of “bad”): 好 (hǎo)

Compounds

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Etymology 2

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trad. 壞
simp. 坏*
alternative forms 獪／狯
乖
契 Siyi
蒯

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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壞

  1. (Cantonese) naughty; mischievous; rebellious; disobedient
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 頑皮 (“naughty”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 頑皮, 調皮, 淘氣
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 皮, 淘氣, 淘, 猴, 猴兒
Taiwan 皮, 調皮, 頑皮, 淘氣
Langfang 調皮
Singapore 頑皮
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 皮, 淘, 猴兒
Tangshan 調皮
Cangzhou 調皮
Baoding 費
Shijiazhuang 調皮
Jinan 調皮, 皮, 淘
Central Plains Mandarin Daming 費勁
Xi'an 匪, 淘氣, 俏皮, 皮
Xuzhou 皮臉
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 淘氣, 費, 千方兒
Wuhan 神, 調皮, 淘氣
Kunming 淘氣
Guilin 跳皮
Liuzhou 跳皮
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 調皮, 皮
Nantong 犯厭
Hefei 調皮, 皮, 頑皮
Cantonese Guangzhou 跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 星君, 扭計, 扭紋, 壞, 煞氣, 頑皮
Hong Kong 跳皮, 百厭, 韌皮, 曳, 反斗, 壞, 星君, 犯神
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 百厭
Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou) 頑皮
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 百厭
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 懆
Macau 跳皮
Guangzhou (Panyu) 曳, 跳皮, 百厭
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 韌皮
Guangzhou (Conghua) 跳皮
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 百厭
Foshan 曳, 跳皮, 百厭
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 曳
Foshan (Shunde) 百厭
Foshan (Sanshui) 跳皮, 百厭
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 頑皮
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 壞, 跳皮
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 壞
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 百厭, 壞
Zhuhai (Doumen) 百厭
Jiangmen (Baisha) 百厭
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 百厭
Taishan 壞賞, 壞, 曳, 搞家, 譑蠻, 飛耍, 惡教, 匪類, 扭紋
Kaiping (Chikan) 壞賞, 壞
Enping (Niujiang) 壞鬼
Heshan (Yayao) 韌皮
Dongguan 曳, 百厭
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 百厭, 跳皮
Yangjiang 跳皮, 蠻皮
Nanning 跳皮, 百厭, 牛骨, 頑皮
Wuzhou 韌皮, 百厭, 百跳
Yulin 頑, 牛骨
Hepu (Lianzhou) 跳皮, 勿乖
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 頑皮
Singapore (Guangfu) 韌皮
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 扭計, 曳, 百厭
Gan Nanchang 調皮, 頑皮
Hakka Meixian 蠻皮, 蠻, 番綻, 綻頭, 綻皮, 綻, 懆, 跳皮
Xingning 蠻, 懆
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 頑皮
Huidong (Daling) 調皮, 綻頭, 懆
Dongguan (Qingxi) 頑皮
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 跳皮
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 跳皮
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 綻, 懆
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 賤
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 頑皮
Changting 綻, 懆
Wuping 綻, 懆
Wuping (Pingyu) 綻
Liancheng 綻, 懆
Ninghua 浪綻, 懆
Ruijin 綻, 孽
Shangyou (Shexi) 綻, 頑皮
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 番綻, 蠻皮, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 殘, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 蓋牛
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 番綻, 蠻綻, 綻, 綻頭, 孱頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 番綻, 綻頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 番綻, 綻頭, 綻剁頭, 牛, 賤, 調皮, 當牛
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 狡怪, 番, 賤頭, 牛, 牛頭, 牛獗, 賤, 真牛
Hong Kong 頑皮
Luchuan (Daqiao) 跳皮
Senai (Huiyang) 跳皮
Jin Taiyuan 頑皮
Zhangjiakou 調皮
Handan 費
Northern Min Jian'ou 刁皮, 韌皮
Eastern Min Fuzhou 刁皮, 楞蟶
Fuqing 調皮
Southern Min Xiamen 孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 刁皮, 跳限, 跳塌, 賤, 歹死, 揲, 揲篤
Quanzhou 孽, 孽潲, 孽唆, 跳鬼, 賤, 歹死
Zhangzhou 孽, 孽潲, 賤, 歹, 歹死
Kaohsiung 賤
Yilan 賤
Changhua (Lukang) 狡怪
Taichung 孽潲
Taichung (Wuqi) 孽潲
Tainan 作孽, 孽, 孽潲
Taitung 孽潲
Hsinchu 孽
Penghu (Magong) 狡怪
Penang (Hokkien) 孽, 怪孽, 歹死
Singapore (Hokkien) 孽, 孽死, 孽潲, 賤, 歹死
Manila (Hokkien) 歹死, 孽, 孽潲
Zhangping (Yongfu) 調皮, 惡蠻, 蠻
Pingnan (Shangdu) 頑皮
Chaozhou 燦頭
Shantou 野, 野死, 好耍, 頑皮
Bangkok (Teochew) 跳皮
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 孬
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 跳皮
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 頑皮, 跳皮
Wu Shanghai 頑皮, 皮, 賴皮, 搨皮, 淘氣
Shanghai (Chongming) 厭, 調皮, 頑皮
Suzhou 皮, 調皮, 厭
Wuxi 厭, 皮
Danyang 調皮, 皮
Hangzhou 厭, 調皮
Ningbo 皮
Wenzhou 調皮, 皮, 皮蚩, 蠻, 惡
Jinhua 調皮, 皮, 皮面
Xiang Changsha 跳皮, 跳夾
Shuangfeng 跳皮, 頑皮
Quanzhou 頑皮

Japanese

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Shinjitai

壊

Kyūjitai

壞

Kanji

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壞

(Jinmeiyō kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 壊)

  1. Kyūjitai form of 壊: break

Readings

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Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 壞 (MC kweajH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation

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  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [kwe̞(ː)] ~ [kø̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [궤(ː)/괴(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

壞 (eumhun 무너질 괴 (muneojil goe))

  1. hanja form? of 괴 (“to break; to collapse”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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壞: Hán Nôm readings: hoại, hoải, hoai

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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