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象

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 𧰼 and 像
象 U+8C61, 象
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8C61
← 豠
[U+8C60] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 豢 →
[U+8C62]

Translingual

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Stroke order
Stroke order in simplified Chinese
Japanese 象
Simplified 象
Traditional 象

Alternative forms

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Han character

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象 (Kangxi radical 152, 豕+5 in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 豕+4 in simplified Chinese, 12 strokes in traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean, 11 strokes in simplified Chinese, cangjie input 弓日心人 (NAPO), four-corner 27232, composition ⿱⺈⿻口𧰨(GV) or ⿳⺈𫩏𧰨(HT) or ⿸⿳⺈𫩏⿹⿱丿㇁⿱丿丿⿺乀丿(JK))

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1195, character 21
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36372
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1658, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3611, character 9
  • Unihan data for U+8C61

Chinese

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trad. 象
simp. # 象
2nd round simp. ⿱⺈𫩏
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 象
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (象) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
潒 *l'aːŋʔ, *ljaŋʔ
像 *ljaŋʔ
象 *ljaŋʔ
橡 *ljaŋʔ
蟓 *ljaŋʔ, *hljaŋs
襐 *ljaŋʔ
勨 *ljaŋʔ, *laŋʔ
鱌 *ljaŋʔ
嶑 *ljaŋʔ

Pictogram (象形) - pictographic representation of an elephant. ⺈ represents the trunk, 𫩏 represents the head, and 𧰨 represents the body.

Etymology 1

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This character is used to represent two semantic fields ‘elephant; tusk’ and ‘to outline; to depict; to delineate; to represent; to resemble; to map’. Both fields are found from the earliest layers of the edited literature onwards, whereas only the first meaning is amply attested in oracle bone inscriptions.

Traditionally, the two senses are treated as related, with the sense of ‘to depict; to resemble’ considered a derivative of the sense of ‘elephant’. The derivation from the ‘elephant’ meaning to the ‘likeness’ meaning is explained in Han Feizi First attested in c. 221 BCE: “Men rarely see living elephants. As they come by the skeleton of a dead elephant, they imagine its living form according to its features. Therefore it comes to pass that whatever people use for imagining the real is called 象.”

Modern etymology studies on Old Chinese have challenged this opinion.

As for the ‘elephant; tusk’ sense, this is a widely used area word in East and Southeast Asia. Literature opinions differ on the origin and immediate relationship of this Chinese word; some (e.g. Schuessler, 2007) believe the Chinese form is a loanword from a Southern language, since it is unlikely that peoples all over Southeast Asia and the Himalayan foothills would borrow a word from Northern China to denote an indigenous animal. Others believe the direction of borrowing is reversed (i.e. Tai-Kadai borrowing from Chinese), and that Chinese 象 should be compared with Tibetan གླང (glang), གླང་ཆེན (glang chen, “elephant”) arising from a common Proto-Sino-Tibetan *glaŋ (“ox, bull; elephant”), which may ultimately have an Austroasiatic origin (Behr, 2004). The second viewpoint is supported by the early attestation of this character and the archaeological findings of the historical ranges of elephants. However, Schuessler disputes that second viewpoint and links ST *glaŋ to 犅 (OC *klaːŋ, “ox, bull”).

See below for a tentative borrowing history of the various forms of this general area word.

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • cieo5/ciuⁿ5 - vernacular;
  • syong5/syeng5 - literary.
Note:
  • chhiūⁿ/chhiǔⁿ/chhiōⁿ - vernacular;
  • siōng/sióng/siǒng/chhiāng - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: ciên6 / cion6 / siang6
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tshiĕⁿ / tshiŏⁿ / siăng
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sʰĩẽ³⁵/, /t͡sʰĩõ³⁵/, /siaŋ³⁵/
Note:
  • ciên6 - Chaozhou (“elephant”);
  • cion6 - Shantou (“elephant”);
  • siang6 - other senses.
Rime
Character 象
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 邪 (17)
Final (韻) 陽 (105)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 徐兩切
Baxter zjangX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/zɨɐŋX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ziɐŋX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ziɑŋX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/zɨaŋX/
Li
Rong 		/ziaŋX/
Wang
Li 		/zĭaŋX/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/zi̯aŋX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		xiàng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zoeng6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 象
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xiàng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ zjangX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*s-[d]aŋʔ/
English elephant

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 象
Reading # 1/1
No. 13664
Phonetic
component 		象
Rime
group 		陽
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		像
Old
Chinese 		/*ljaŋʔ/

Definitions

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象 (1)
(Chinese Chess) 象 (3)

象

  1. elephant (Classifier: 頭／头 m; 隻／只 m c mn)
    幼象  ―  yòu xiàng  ―  young elephant
  2. ivory; tusk
    Synonym: 象牙 (xiàngyá)
    象床  ―  xiàngchuáng  ―  ivory-decorated bed
  3. (xiangqi) elephant: 🩩 (on the black side) (Classifier: 隻／只 c)
    Synonym: 相
  4. (chess) bishop
  5. symbol; emblem
    象徵／象征  ―  xiàngzhēng  ―  symbol
  6. appearance; shape; phenomenon
    天象  ―  tiānxiàng  ―  celestial phenomenon
    現象／现象  ―  xiànxiàng  ―  phenomenon
    景象  ―  jǐngxiàng  ―  scene
  7. (traditional Chinese medicine) complexion
    病象  ―  bìngxiàng  ―  disease signs and symptoms
  8. image; picture; portrait
    See also: 像
  9. sign; indication
  10. (obsolete) law; legislation
  11. (obsolete) principle
  12. (obsolete) calendar
  13. (literary) to imitate; to follow the example of
    象形  ―  xiàngxíng  ―  pictogram
    象聲詞／象声词  ―  xiàngshēngcí  ―  onomatopoeia
  14. (literary) to trace; to outline; to depict
  15. to resemble
    See also: 像
  16. (historical) government official that translates southern languages
  17. (～郡) (historical) Xiang, a commandery of Han China
  18. a surname
Synonyms
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  • (elephant):
Dialectal synonyms of 大象 (“elephant”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 象
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 象
Taxonomic name 象
Northeastern Mandarin Taiwan 大象
Singapore 大象
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 象
Wanrong 象
Xi'an 象
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 象
Lanyin Mandarin Ürümqi 象
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 象
Wuhan 象
Guiyang 象
Liuzhou 大象
Cantonese Guangzhou 大笨象
Hong Kong 大笨象
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 象
Macau 大笨象
Guangzhou (Panyu) 大笨象
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 大笨象
Guangzhou (Conghua) 大笨象
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 大笨象
Foshan 大笨象
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 大笨象
Foshan (Shunde) 大笨象
Foshan (Sanshui) 大笨象
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 大象
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 大笨象
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 大笨象
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 象
Zhuhai (Doumen) 象
Jiangmen (Baisha) 象
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 象
Taishan 象, 大笨象
Taishan (Guanghai) 大象哥, 大象
Kaiping (Chikan) 象
Enping (Niujiang) 象
Heshan (Yayao) 象
Dongguan 大笨象
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 大笨象
Nanning 大笨象
Wuzhou 大笨象
Yulin 大象
Hepu (Lianzhou) 大象
Guiping 大笨象
Mengshan (Xihe) 象
Guigang (Nanjiang) 大笨象
Beiliu (Tangliao) 象
Baise 大笨象
Bobai 大象
Lingshan 象
Pubei 象
Qinzhou 大笨象
Beihai 大笨象
Ningming 大象
Hengzhou 大象
Hezhou (Pumen, Babu) 大象
Mandalay (Taishan) 象
Gan Nanchang 象
Hakka Meixian 象
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 大笨象
Dongguan (Qingxi) 象
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 大笨象
Zhongshan (Wuguishan) 大笨象
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 大笨象
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 大象
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 象仔, 大象
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 象仔, 大象
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 象, 大象
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 象, 大象
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 象, 大象
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 象, 大象
Beiliu (Tang'an) 象
Mashan (Pianlian) 象
Jin Taiyuan 象
Northern Min Jian'ou 象
Eastern Min Fuzhou 象
Southern Min Xiamen 象
Quanzhou 象
Zhangzhou 象
Zhao'an 象
Dongshan 象
Taipei 象
New Taipei (Sanxia) 象
Kaohsiung 象
Yilan 象
Changhua (Lukang) 象
Taichung 象
Taichung (Wuqi) 象
Tainan 象
Taitung 象
Hsinchu 象
Kinmen 象
Penghu (Magong) 象
Penang (Hokkien) 象
Singapore (Hokkien) 象, 大象
Manila (Hokkien) 象
Pingnan (Shangdu) 象
Shantou 象
Shantou (Chaoyang) 象
Haikou 象
Puxian Min Putian 象
Central Min Yong'an 象
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 大笨象, 大象
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 大象
Wu Shanghai 象, 象鼻頭
Shanghai (Chongming) 象
Suzhou 象
Danyang 象
Hangzhou 象
Xiang Quanzhou 大象
  • (like):
Coordinate terms
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Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (象):
  • → Japanese: 象(ぞう) (zō); 象(しょう) (shō)
  • → Korean: 상(象) (sang)
  • → Vietnamese: tượng (象)

Others:

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of 象 – see 像 (“picture; image; photograph; figure; statue; figure; sculpture; etc.”).
(This character is the former (1964–1986) first-round simplified form of 像).
Notes:

Usage notes

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  • 象 was the official simplified form of 像 (xiàng) only until 1986.

See also

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Chess pieces in Mandarin · 國際象棋棋子 / 国际象棋棋子 (guójì xiàngqí qízǐ) (layout · text)
♚ ♛ ♜ ♝ ♞ ♟
王 (wáng),
國王 / 国王 (guówáng) 		后 (hòu),
皇后 (huánghòu) 		車 / 车 (jū),
城堡 (chéngbǎo) 		象 (xiàng),
主教 (zhǔjiào) 		馬 / 马 (mǎ),
騎士 / 骑士 (qíshì) 		兵 (bīng)

References

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  1. ^ Vovin, Alexander (2011) First and second person singular pronouns: a pillar or a pillory of the ‘Altaic’ hypothesis?‎[1], pages 271–272

Japanese

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Kanji

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象

(Fifth grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 𧰼)

Readings

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Etymology 1

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia
象 (zō, kisa): an Asian elephant.
Kanji in this term
象
ぞう
Grade: 5
goon

/zau/ → /zɔː/ → /zoː/

From Middle Chinese 象 (zjangX, “elephant; image, resemblance”). Compare modern Cantonese reading zoeng6.

The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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象(ぞう) or 象(ゾウ) • (zō) ←ざう (zau)? (counter 頭)

  1. elephant
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
象
しょう
Grade: 5
kan'on

/sjau/ → /sjɔː/ → /ɕɔː/ → /ɕoː/

From Middle Chinese 象 (zjangX, “elephant; image, resemblance”). Compare modern Min Nan reading siōng or Mandarin xiàng.

The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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象(しょう) • (shō) ←しやう (syau)?

  1. likeness, appearance
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
象
きさ
Grade: 5
kun'yomi

From Old Japanese. Cognate with 橒 (kisa, “wood grain”), from the way that ivory also has a grain.[3]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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象(きさ) • (kisa) 

  1. (obsolete) elephant
    • 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 7, page 52:
      象 [...] 岐佐 [...] 獣名、似水牛、大耳、長鼻、眼細、牙長者也
      Elephant, [...] kisa a kind of beast, looks like water buffalo, having big ears, long nose, slender eyes and long teeth
    • 970–999, Utsubo Monogatari, page Toshikage:
      それより西を行ケば、虎狼ひと山さワぐ所有り。キサ出デてその山をこしつ。
      When he went west from there, there was a place where tigers and monkeys clamoured on a mountain. Elephants had set out and crossed that mountain

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  3. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 象 (MC zjangX). Recorded as Middle Korean 샤ᇰ〮 (syáng) (Yale: syang) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

象 (eumhun 코끼리 상 (kokkiri sang))

  1. hanja form? of 상 (“elephant”)
  2. hanja form? of 상 (“shape; figure; appearance”)

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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象: Hán Nôm readings: tượng

  1. (in compounds) elephant
  2. a xiangqi piece which represents an elephant
  3. shape; scene
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