人類

See also: 人类

Chinese

		man; person; people	kind; type; class kind; type; class; category; similar; like; to resemble
trad. (人類)		人	類
simp. (人类)		人	类

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): rénlèi

(Zhuyin): ㄖㄣˊ ㄌㄟˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jan⁴ leoi⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ngìn-lui

(Meixian, Guangdong): ngin² lui⁴
Eastern Min (BUC): ìng-lôi
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): jîn-lūi / lîn-lūi

(Teochew, Peng'im): ring⁵ lui⁷ / nang⁵ lui⁷
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶zen-le; ⁶gnin-le

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: rénlèi
  - Zhuyin: ㄖㄣˊ ㄌㄟˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: rénlèi
  - Wade–Giles: jên²-lei⁴
  - Yale: rén-lèi
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: renley
  - Palladius: жэньлэй (žɛnʹlɛj)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʐən³⁵ leɪ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jan⁴ leoi⁶
  - Yale: yàhn leuih
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jan⁴ loey⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: yen⁴ lêu⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɐn²¹ lɵy̯²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ngìn-lui
  - Hakka Romanization System: ngin^ˇ lui
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ngin² lui⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ lu̯i⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ngin² lui⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ŋin¹¹ luɪ⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ìng-lôi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ⁵³⁻²¹ ^(l-)nˡui²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Kaohsiung)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: jîn-lūi
  - Tâi-lô: jîn-luī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: jinlui
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /zin²³⁻³³ lui³³/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /d͡zin¹³⁻²² lui²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lîn-lūi
  - Tâi-lô: lîn-luī
  - Phofsit Daibuun: linlui
  - IPA (Xiamen): /lin²⁴⁻²² lui²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /lin²⁴⁻²² lui⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /lin²⁴⁻¹¹ lui³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ring⁵ lui⁷ / nang⁵ lui⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: jîng lūi / nâng lūi
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /d͡ziŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/, /naŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ lui¹¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶zen-le; ⁶gnin-le
  - MiniDict: zen^去 le; nyin^去 le
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³zen-le; ³nyin-le
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /zən²² le⁴⁴/, /n̠ʲin²² le⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: nyin lwijH

Rime
Character	人	類
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	日 (38)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	眞 (43)	脂 (16)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	如鄰切	力遂切
Baxter	nyin	lwijH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ȵiɪn/	/liuɪ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ȵin/	/lʷi^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ȵʑjen/	/ljuɪ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ȵin/	/lwi^H/
Li Rong	/ȵiĕn/	/lui^H/
Wang Li	/ȵʑĭĕn/	/lwi^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/ȵʑi̯ĕn/	/lwi^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	rén	lèi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jan⁴	leoi⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ni[ŋ] [r]u[t]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*njin ruds/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	人	類
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	rén	lèi
Middle Chinese	‹ nyin ›	‹ lwij^H ›
Old Chinese	/*ni[ŋ]/	/*[r]u[t]-s/
English	(other) person	category
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	人	類
Reading #	1/1	2/2
No.	10800	7772
Phonetic component	人	頪
Rime group	眞	隊
Rime subdivision	1	3
Corresponding MC rime	仁	類
Old Chinese	/*njin/	/*ruds/

Noun

人類

(collective) humanity; humans; humankind; the human race; hominid
人類前途／人类前途 ― rénlèi qiántú ― the future of the human race

人類遺址／人类遗址 ― rénlèi yízhǐ ― hominid site

人類活動導致的氣候變化 [MSC, trad.]
人类活动导致的气候变化 [MSC, simp.]
rénlèi huódòng dǎozhì de qìhòu biànhuà [Pinyin]
human-induced climate change

關係到人類的生死存亡 [MSC, trad.]
关系到人类的生死存亡 [MSC, simp.]
guānxì dào rénlèi de shēngsǐcúnwáng [Pinyin]
to concern the survival of the human race

圖書館是人類知識的海洋。 [MSC, trad.]
图书馆是人类知识的海洋。 [MSC, simp.]
Túshūguǎn shì rénlèi zhīshí de hǎiyáng. [Pinyin]
Libraries contain knowledge of human experience as vast as the open sea.

書籍是人類進步的階梯。 [MSC, trad.]
书籍是人类进步的阶梯。 [MSC, simp.]
Shūjí shì rénlèi jìnbù de jiētī. [Pinyin]
The book is the ladder of human progress.

考古學係一門研究人類文化同歷史嘅學科。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
考古学系一门研究人类文化同历史嘅学科。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
haau² gu² hok⁶ hai⁶ jat¹ mun⁴ jin⁴ gau³ jan⁴ leoi⁶ man⁴ faa³ tung⁴ lik⁶ si² ge³ hok⁶ fo¹. [Jyutping]
Archaeology is a science that studies human cultures and history.

Synonyms

人民 (rénmín)

Derived terms

人類世 / 人类世 (Rénlèishì)
人類免疫缺陷病毒 / 人类免疫缺陷病毒 (rénlèi miǎnyì quēxiàn bìngdú)
人類命運共同體 / 人类命运共同体 (rénlèi mìngyùn gòngtóngtǐ)
人類學 / 人类学 (rénlèixué)
人類工程學 / 人类工程学 (rénlèi gōngchéngxué)
人類性 / 人类性 (rénlèixìng)
人類條件 / 人类条件 (rénlèi tiáojiàn)
反人類 / 反人类
新人類 / 新人类 (xīnrénlèi)
新新人類 / 新新人类 (xīnxīnrénlèi)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (人類):

→ Japanese: 人類(じんるい) (jinrui)
→ Korean: 인류(人類) (illyu)
→ Vietnamese: nhân loại (人類)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
人	類
じん Grade: 1	るい Grade: 4
kan'on	on'yomi

Alternative spelling
人類 (kyūjitai)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) じんるい [jíꜜǹrùì] (Atamadaka – [1])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [d͡ʑĩn̺ɾɯ̟i]

Noun

人(じん)類(るい) • (jinrui)

mankind, the human race, humanity
人類(じんるい)の起源(きげん)
jinrui no kigen
the origins of the human race

References

2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
人	類

Noun

人類 • (illyu) (hangeul 인류)

hanja form^? of 인류 (“human”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
人	類

Noun

人類

chữ Hán form of nhân loại (“mankind; humanity; human beings”).

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]