含
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]含 (Kangxi radical 30, 口+4, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人戈弓口 (OINR), four-corner 80602, composition ⿱今口)
Derived characters
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 178, character 14
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3350
- Dae Jaweon: page 395, character 19
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 592, character 1
- Unihan data for U+542B
Chinese
[edit]trad. | 含 | |
---|---|---|
simp. # | 含 | |
alternative forms | 涵 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Historical forms of the character 含 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
貪 | *kʰl'uːm |
嗿 | *l̥ʰuːmʔ |
僋 | *l̥ʰuːms, *luːms |
酓 | *qʰɯːm, *qlamʔ, *qlɯːms |
馠 | *qʰɯːm |
谽 | *qʰɯːm |
唅 | *qʰɯːm, *ɡɯːms |
含 | *ɡɯːm |
肣 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
頷 | *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ |
筨 | *ɡɯːm |
梒 | *ɡɯːm |
鋡 | *ɡɯːm |
莟 | *ɡɯːmʔ, *ɡɯːms |
琀 | *ɡɯːms |
浛 | *ɡɯːms |
盦 | *qɯːm, *qaːb |
韽 | *qɯːm, *qrɯːms |
玪 | *krɯːm |
妗 | *qʰrɯːm, *kʰjam, *qʰlɯːm, *ɡrɯms |
欦 | *qʰrɯːmʔ, *qʰram, *kʰlam, *kʰlamʔ, *qʰlɯːm |
黔 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
鈐 | *ɡram |
鳹 | *ɡram |
雂 | *ɡram, *ɡrɯm |
念 | *nɯːms |
梣 | *sɡɯm, *sɡrɯm |
枔 | *sɢrɯm |
岑 | *sɡrɯm |
笒 | *sɡrɯm, *ɡrɯms |
涔 | *sɡrɯm |
侺 | *ɡjɯms |
今 | *krɯm |
黅 | *krɯm |
衿 | *krɯm |
衾 | *kʰrɯm |
坅 | *kʰrɯmʔ |
搇 | *kʰrɯms |
琴 | *ɡrɯm |
禽 | *ɡrɯm |
芩 | *ɡrɯm |
庈 | *ɡrɯm |
耹 | *ɡrɯm |
靲 | *ɡrɯm |
擒 | *ɡrɯm |
檎 | *ɡrɯm |
紟 | *ɡrɯms |
吟 | *ŋɡrɯm, *ŋɡrɯms |
訡 | *ŋɡrɯm |
廞 | *qʰrɯm, *qʰrɯmʔ |
陰 | *qrɯm |
霠 | |
飲 | *qrɯmʔ, *qrɯms |
蔭 | *qrɯms |
廕 | *qrɯms |
矜 | *ɡrɯn, *ɡɯn, *kɯŋ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡɯːm) : phonetic 今 (OC *krɯm) + semantic 口 (“mouth”).
Etymology 1
[edit]From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gam (“to put into mouth; to seize with mouth”) (STEDT); cognate with Tibetan འགམ་པ ('gam pa, “to put into the mouth”), Proto-Tani *g(j)am (“bite”).
Within Chinese, cognate with 函 (OC *ɡuːm, *ɡruːm, “to contain; box; letter”) (Schuessler, 2007). 銜 (OC *ɡraːm, “to carry in the mouth; horse's bit”) is probably related. Bodman (1980) considers 頷 (OC *ɡɯːm, *ɡɯːmʔ) to be the endoactive of 含 (OC *ɡɯːm, “to hold in the mouth”), literally “the thing that holds something in the mouth”.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese (Jyutping): ham4
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hàm
- Eastern Min (BUC): gàng / hàng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6ghoe
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hán
- Wade–Giles: han2
- Yale: hán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: harn
- Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xän³⁵/
- (Beijing dialect)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄣˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hén
- Wade–Giles: hên2
- Yale: hén
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hern
- Palladius: хэнь (xɛnʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xən³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ham4
- Yale: hàhm
- Cantonese Pinyin: ham4
- Guangdong Romanization: hem4
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐm²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hàm
- Hakka Romanization System: hamˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ham2
- Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: gàng / hàng
- Sinological IPA (key): /kaŋ⁵³/, /haŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- gàng - vernacular;
- hàng - literary.
- kâm/kâⁿ - vernacular;
- hâm - literary.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: gam5 / ham5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kâm / hâm
- Sinological IPA (key): /kam⁵⁵/, /ham⁵⁵/
- gam5 - vernacular;
- ham5 - literary.
- Dialectal data
- Middle Chinese: hom
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*Cə-m-kˤ[ə]m/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡɯːm/
Definitions
[edit]含
- to hold or keep in the mouth
- to contain inside; to comprise; to include
- (literary, or in compounds) to bear; to endure
- to harbor (emotion); to nurse; to endure; to hold back
- 含恨 ― hánhèn ― to nurse hatred
- (Hong Kong Cantonese, euphemistic) Short for 含撚. (all senses)
- a surname: Han
Synonyms
[edit]- (to include):
Compounds
[edit]- 不含糊
- 內含 / 内含 (nèihán)
- 包含 (bāohán)
- 含光
- 含冤 (hányuān)
- 含冤昭雪
- 含冤負屈 / 含冤负屈
- 吞吐含蓄
- 含含糊糊
- 含味
- 含哺鼓腹
- 含嚬 / 含𫫾
- 含囈 / 含呓 (hányì)
- 含垢
- 含垢忍恥 / 含垢忍耻
- 含垢忍辱
- 含垢納汙 / 含垢纳污
- 含垢藏疾
- 含宥
- 含弘
- 含怨 (hányuàn)
- 含怒 (hánnù)
- 含息
- 含恨 (hánhèn)
- 含悲 (hánbēi)
- 含情 (hánqíng)
- 含悲忍淚 / 含悲忍泪
- 含情脈脈 / 含情脉脉 (hánqíngmòmò)
- 含意 (hányì)
- 含括
- 含有 (hányǒu)
- 含殮 / 含殓
- 含毫
- 含水層 / 含水层 (hánshuǐcéng)
- 含水物
- 含水量 (hánshuǐliàng)
- 含沙射影 (hánshāshèyǐng)
- 含沙量
- 含涕
- 含淚 / 含泪 (hánlèi)
- 含混 (hánhùn)
- 含渾 / 含浑
- 含漱劑 / 含漱剂
- 含煙籠霧 / 含烟笼雾
- 含玉 (hányù)
- 含生
- 含秀
- 含笑 (hánxiào)
- 含笑入地
- 含笑花
- 含糊
- 含糊不清
- 含糊其辭 / 含糊其辞 (hánhúqící)
- 含羞 (hánxiū)
- 含羞忍辱
- 含羞草 (hánxiūcǎo)
- 含義 / 含义 (hányì)
- 含臉 / 含脸
- 含苞 (hánbāo)
- 含英
- 含英咀華 / 含英咀华 (hányīngjǔhuá)
- 含苞待放
- 含苞未放
- 含苞欲放
- 含荼
- 含葩
- 含蓄 (hánxù)
- 含蓄渾厚 / 含蓄浑厚
- 含蓼問疾 / 含蓼问疾
- 含蘊 / 含蕴
- 含血噴人 / 含血喷人 (hánxuèpēnrén)
- 含血噀人
- 含貝 / 含贝
- 含辛茹苦 (hánxīnrúkǔ)
- 含酸
- 含量 (hánliàng)
- 含霜
- 含章
- 含飯 / 含饭
- 含飴弄孫 / 含饴弄孙 (hányínòngsūn)
- 含齒戴髮 / 含齿戴发
- 大含細入 / 大含细入
- 忍尤含詬 / 忍尤含诟
- 忍恥含垢 / 忍耻含垢
- 忍恥含羞 / 忍耻含羞
- 忍辱含垢
- 忍辱含羞
- 戴髮含齒 / 戴发含齿
- 斯陀含
- 暗含 (ànhán)
- 百卉含英
- 羅含夢鳥 / 罗含梦鸟
- 茹苦含辛
- 薄面含嗔
- 蘊含 / 蕴含 (yùnhán)
- 蘊藉含蓄 / 蕴借含蓄
- 負屈含冤 / 负屈含冤
- 阿那含
- 隱含 / 隐含 (yǐnhán)
- 風木含悲 / 风木含悲
- 鼓腹含哺
- 齒如含貝 / 齿如含贝
Etymology 2
[edit]Exoactive or causative of etymology 1 (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with 憾 (OC *ɡɯːms, “to resent”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: hàn
- Wade–Giles: han4
- Yale: hàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: hann
- Palladius: хань (xanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xän⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]含
- † Original form of 琀 (hán, “gems and pearls stuffed into a corpse's mouth”).
- † to put gems and pearls into a corpse's mouth
Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄢˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: Hán
- Wade–Giles: Han2
- Yale: Hán
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Harn
- Palladius: Хань (Xanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xän³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: ham4
- Yale: hàhm
- Cantonese Pinyin: ham4
- Guangdong Romanization: hem4
- Sinological IPA (key): /hɐm²¹/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Hàm
- Hakka Romanization System: hamˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: ham2
- Sinological IPA: /ham¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
Definitions
[edit]含
Compounds
[edit]References
[edit]- “含”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]- include, contain
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: ごん (gon)
- Kan-on: かん (kan)
- Kan’yō-on: がん (gan, Jōyō)
- Kun: ふくむ (fukumu, 含む, Jōyō)、ふくめる (fukumeru, 含める, Jōyō)
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]含 (eumhun 머금을 함 (meogeumeul ham))
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
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