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From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also:
U+679C, 果
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-679C

[U+679B]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+679D]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 75, +4, 8 strokes, cangjie input 田木 (WD), four-corner 60904, composition )

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 516, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14556
  • Dae Jaweon: page 904, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1168, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+679C

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Pictogram (象形) – fruits on a tree. Related to the original form of . Compare and . Unrelated to .

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms

Possibly related to (OC *ɡ·roːlʔ, *ɡ·roːnʔ, “egg”) (Sagart and Ma, 2020).

Pronunciation

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Note: gu2 - rare.
Note:
  • guōi - vernacular;
  • guō - literary.
Note:
  • gue3 - vernacular;
  • gor3 - literary.
Note:
  • kér/ké/kóe - vernacular;
  • kó͘/kó - literary.
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: guê2 / guên2 / guain2 / guan2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kué / kuéⁿ / kuáiⁿ / kuáⁿ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /kue⁵²/, /kũẽ⁵²/, /kũãĩ⁵²/, /kũã⁵²/
Note:

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (28)
Final () (95)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter kwaX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kuɑX/
Pan
Wuyun
/kuɑX/
Shao
Rongfen
/kuɑX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kwaX/
Li
Rong
/kuɑX/
Wang
Li
/kuɑX/
Bernhard
Karlgren
/kuɑX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
guǒ
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gwo2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
guǒ
Middle
Chinese
‹ kwaX ›
Old
Chinese
/*[k]ˁo[r]ʔ/
English fruit; result

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 4767
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kloːlʔ/

Definitions

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  1. fruit
      ―  shuǐguǒ  ―  fruit
      ―  píngguǒ  ―  apple
  2. result
      ―  jiéguǒ  ―  result
      ―  hòuguǒ  ―  consequence
  3. sure enough; really
      ―  guǒrán  ―  as expected
      ―  guǒzhēn  ―  really
  4. determined
      ―  guǒgǎn  ―  resolute and courageous
  5. to fill
      ―  guǒ  ―  to fill one's stomach
  6. to come true
      ―  guǒ  ―  to be unsuccessful
  7. (literary) finally; at last
  8. (literary) actually
    Synonyms: 究竟 (jiūjìng), 終究 / 终究 (zhōngjiū)
  9. (literary) if indeed; if
  10. a surname
Synonyms
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Compounds

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Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of – see (“to wrap; to bind; to encircle; confine; to carry off; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of ).
Notes:

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Fourth grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Kanji in this term

Grade: 4
on'yomi

Etymology

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From Middle Chinese (kuɑX).

Pronunciation

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Counter

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() (-kaくわ (-kwa)?

  1. pieces of fruit

Noun

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() (kaくわ (kwa)?

  1. fruit
  2. (Buddhism) phala, attained state, result
  3. (Buddhism) enlightenment (as the fruits of one's Buddhist practice)

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

(eumhun 열매 (yeolmae gwa))

  1. hanja form? of (fruit)
  2. hanja form? of (result)

Compounds

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Old Korean

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Particle

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(*-kwa)

  1. and; with (comitative case marker; attached to multiple connected nouns)
    • c. 1250, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Humane King Sutra:
      灌頂三品士
      *TUNG-kwa HYEY-kwa KWANTYENG-kwa-s SAMPHWUMSO-n
      As for the three gentlemen of Dengguan and Huiguang and Guanding
      (N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms.)

Usage notes

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果 follows the grammatical rules of its Middle Korean descendant, which differ from Modern Korean usage. Thus it may be followed by other case markers, such as . Furthermore, in both Old and Middle Korean, "A and B" is expressed as A-kwa B-kwa, instead of Modern Korean A-kwa B.

Unlike in Middle and Modern Korean, 果 did not take any allomorph following a vowel. The Middle Korean allomorph (Yale: -Gwa) was produced by the lenition of Old Korean *k to /ɣ/ between vowels.

Descendants

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  • Middle Korean: (-kwa)
    • Korean: (-gwa)
  • Middle Korean: (-Gwa) (allomorph following a vowel, produced by intervocalic lenition of *-k)
    • Korean: (-wa)

See also

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  • (*-li, intimate connective particle)

References

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  • 이승재 (Lee Seung-jae) (2000) “차자표기 자료의 격조사 연구 [Chaja pyogi jaryo-ui gyeokjosa yeon'gu, Study of case markers in the Chinese-based orthography [of Korean]]”, in Gugeo Gukmunhak, volume 127, pages 107–132

Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: quả, hủ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.