患
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]患 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 中中心 (LLP), four-corner 50336, composition ⿱串心)
References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 388, character 16
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10691
- Dae Jaweon: page 721, character 8
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2300, character 9
- Unihan data for U+60A3
Chinese
[edit]simp. and trad. |
患 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms | 𢠶 𢤒 |
Glyph origin
[edit]Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡroːns) : phonetic 串 (OC *kroːns, *kʰjons) + semantic 心 (“heart”).
Since Shuowen does not have the character 串, it interprets the character as phonetic 吅 (OC *qʰon, *sqʰon, *sɢoŋs) + semantic 丨 + semantic 心 (“heart”) – to pierce through something from the heart. Duan Yucai claims in his commentary that older copies of Shuowen actually have phonetic 毌 (OC *koːn, *koːns, “to pierce through”) + semantic 心 (“heart”) instead.
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka
- Northern Min (KCR): hūing
- Eastern Min (BUC): huâng
- Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): huang5 / huong5
- Southern Min
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄢˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: huàn
- Wade–Giles: huan4
- Yale: hwàn
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huann
- Palladius: хуань (xuanʹ)
- Sinological IPA (key): /xu̯än⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: waan6
- Yale: waahn
- Cantonese Pinyin: waan6
- Guangdong Romanization: wan6
- Sinological IPA (key): /waːn²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: van5
- Sinological IPA (key): /van³²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fam
- Hakka Romanization System: fam
- Hagfa Pinyim: fam4
- Sinological IPA: /fam⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hūing
- Sinological IPA (key): /xuiŋ⁵⁵/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: huâng
- Sinological IPA (key): /huɑŋ²⁴²/
- (Fuzhou)
- Puxian Min
- (Putian)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: huang5
- Sinological IPA (key): /huaŋ²¹/
- (Xianyou)
- Pouseng Ping'ing: huong5
- Sinological IPA (key): /huoŋ²¹/
- (Putian)
- Southern Min
- huam6 - Chaozhou;
- huang6 - Shantou, Chenghai, Raoping, Puning.
- Middle Chinese: hwaenH
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤro[n]-s/
- (Zhengzhang): /*ɡroːns/
Definitions
[edit]患
- to contract (an illness); to suffer from; to be afflicted with
- disease; illness
- to worry; to feel anxious
- 子曰:「不患人之不己知,患不知人也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad. and simp.]
- From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
- Zǐ yuē: “Bù huàn rén zhī bù jǐ zhī, huàn bùzhī rén yě.” [Pinyin]
- The Master said, "I will not be afflicted at men's not knowing me; I will be afflicted that I do not know men."
- disaster; calamity; catastrophe
Synonyms
[edit]- (to contract an illness):
- (disease):
- (to worry):
- 怕
- 急 (jí)
- 急眼 (jíyǎn) (colloquial)
- 恐怕 (kǒngpà)
- 愁 (chóu)
- 憂心 / 忧心 (yōuxīn)
- 憂慮 / 忧虑 (yōulǜ)
- 懸心 / 悬心 (xuánxīn)
- 掛心 / 挂心 (guàxīn)
- 掛礙 / 挂碍 (guà'ài)
- 揪心 (jiūxīn)
- 提心 (tíxīn)
- 擔心 / 担心 (dānxīn)
- 擔憂 / 担忧 (dānyōu)
- 燒心 / 烧心 (shāoxīn) (regional or dated)
- 犯愁 (fànchóu)
- 疑慮 / 疑虑 (yílǜ)
- 發急 / 发急 (fājí)
- 發愁 / 发愁 (fāchóu)
- 發極 / 发极 (7faq 8jiq) (Wu)
- 著急 / 着急 (zháojí)
- 起急 (qǐjí) (colloquial)
- 顧慮 / 顾虑 (gùlǜ)
- (disaster):
- 亂兒 / 乱儿 (luànr) (dialectal)
- 人禍 / 人祸 (rénhuò) (man-made disaster)
- 劫 (jié) (Buddhism)
- 劫煞 (Hokkien)
- 劫難 / 劫难 (jiénàn)
- 厄 (literary, or in compounds)
- 大禍 / 大祸 (dàhuò) (major catastrophe)
- 大難 / 大难 (dànàn) (major catastrophe)
- 天災 / 天灾 (tiānzāi) (natural disaster)
- 央厄 (yāng'è) (literary)
- 奇禍 / 奇祸 (qíhuò) (literary, unexpected disaster)
- 巨禍 / 巨祸 (jùhuò) (literary)
- 慘事 / 惨事 (cǎnshì)
- 慘劇 / 惨剧 (cǎnjù)
- 慘禍 / 惨祸 (cǎnhuò) (tragic accident)
- 沙𧐔 (sua1 sab4) (Teochew)
- 浩劫 (hàojié)
- 災 / 灾 (zāi) (literary, or in compounds)
- 災劫 / 灾劫 (zāijié) (literary)
- 災厄 / 灾厄 (zāi'è) (literary)
- 災害 / 灾害 (zāihài)
- 災殃 / 灾殃 (zāiyāng)
- 災禍 / 灾祸 (zāihuò)
- 災變 / 灾变 (zāibiàn) (literary, natural disaster)
- 災難 / 灾难 (zāinàn)
- 癰疽 / 痈疽 (yōngjū) (figurative)
- 眚沴 (shěnglì) (literary)
- 禍 / 祸 (huò) (literary, or in compounds)
- 禍事 / 祸事 (huòshì)
- 禍害 / 祸害 (huòhài)
- 禍息 / 祸息 (ho5 si6) (Xiang)
- 禍患 / 祸患 (huòhuàn)
- 禍殃 / 祸殃 (huòyāng)
Compounds
[edit]- 不患
- 人之患在好為人師 / 人之患在好为人师 (rén zhī huàn zài hàowéirénshī)
- 人滿為患 / 人满为患 (rénmǎnwéihuàn)
- 備嘗憂患 / 备尝忧患
- 傷患 / 伤患
- 內患 / 内患
- 內憂外患 / 内忧外患 (nèiyōuwàihuàn)
- 共患
- 共患難 / 共患难 (gònghuànnàn)
- 分憂共患 / 分忧共患 (fēnyōu gòng huàn)
- 外患 (wàihuàn)
- 弭患
- 弭患無形 / 弭患无形
- 後患 / 后患 (hòuhuàn)
- 後患無窮 / 后患无穷 (hòuhuànwúqióng)
- 後顧之患 / 后顾之患
- 心腹之患 (xīnfùzhīhuàn)
- 心腹大患 (xīnfùdàhuàn)
- 心腹重患
- 患害
- 患得患失 (huàndéhuànshī)
- 患病 (huànbìng)
- 患者 (huànzhě)
- 患苦
- 患處 / 患处 (huànchù)
- 患難 / 患难 (huànnàn)
- 患難之交 / 患难之交 (huànnànzhījiāo)
- 患難夫妻 / 患难夫妻
- 患難相恤 / 患难相恤
- 患難相扶 / 患难相扶
- 患難相死 / 患难相死
- 患難與共 / 患难与共 (huànnànyǔgòng)
- 患難見真情 / 患难见真情 (huànnàn jiàn zhēnqíng)
- 慮患 / 虑患
- 憂患 / 忧患 (yōuhuàn)
- 憂患意識 / 忧患意识
- 救災恤患 / 救灾恤患
- 有備無患 / 有备无患 (yǒubèiwúhuàn)
- 未形之患
- 杜絕後患 / 杜绝后患
- 民患淡食
- 水患 (shuǐhuàn)
- 河患 (héhuàn)
- 河魚之患 / 河鱼之患
- 火患 (huǒhuàn)
- 災患 / 灾患
- 為民除患 / 为民除患
- 無患 / 无患 (wúhuàn)
- 無患子 / 无患子 (wúhuànzǐ)
- 疾患 (jíhuàn)
- 病患 (bìnghuàn)
- 病患狀 / 病患状
- 禍患 / 祸患 (huòhuàn)
- 絕後患 / 绝后患
- 罹患 (líhuàn)
- 肘腋之患
- 腹心之患
- 西患
- 覆餗之患 / 覆𫗧之患
- 言出患入
- 辟惡除患
- 邊患 / 边患 (biānhuàn)
- 重患
- 防患未然 (fánghuànwèirán)
- 除患興利 / 除患兴利
- 陽侯之患 / 阳侯之患
- 隱患 / 隐患 (yǐnhuàn)
- 飽經憂患 / 饱经忧患
- 養癰成患 / 养痈成患
- 養癰自患 / 养痈自患
- 養癰貽患 / 养痈贻患
- 養癰遺患 / 养痈遗患
- 養虎留患 / 养虎留患
- 養虎貽患 / 养虎贻患
- 養虎遺患 / 养虎遗患 (yǎnghǔyíhuàn)
Further reading
[edit]- “患”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- 莆田市荔城区档案馆 [Putian City Licheng District Archives], editor (2022), “患”, in 莆仙方言文读字汇 [Puxian Dialect Literary Reading Dictionary] (overall work in Mandarin and Puxian Min), page 93.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]- afflicted
Readings
[edit]- Go-on: げん (gen)
- Kan-on: かん (kan, Jōyō)
- Kun: わずらう (wazurau, 患う, Jōyō)、うれえる (ureeru, 患える)、うれい (urei, 患い)
Etymology
[edit]Kanji in this term |
---|
患 |
かん Grade: S |
on'yomi |
From Middle Chinese 患 (MC hwaenH).
Pronunciation
[edit]Affix
[edit]Noun
[edit]References
[edit]Korean
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)
Pronunciation
[edit]- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ɸwa̠n]
- Phonetic hangul: [환]
Hanja
[edit]患 (eumhun 근심 환 (geunsim hwan))
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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