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不知

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary

Chinese

[edit]
not; no to know; to be aware
simp. and trad.
(不知) 		不 知

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 不 不 不 知
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3 1/1
Initial (聲) 幫 (1) 幫 (1) 幫 (1) 知 (9)
Final (韻) 尤 (136) 尤 (136) 物 (60) 支 (11)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Rising (X) Checked (Ø) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open Open Closed Open
Division (等) III III III III
Fanqie 甫鳩切 方久切 分勿切 陟移切
Baxter pjuw pjuwX pjut trje
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/pɨu/ /pɨuX/ /pɨut̚/ /ʈiᴇ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/piu/ /piuX/ /piut̚/ /ʈiɛ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/piəu/ /piəuX/ /piuət̚/ /ȶjɛ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/puw/ /puwX/ /put̚/ /ʈiə̆/
Li
Rong 		/piu/ /piuX/ /piuət̚/ /ȶie/
Wang
Li 		/pĭəu/ /pĭəuX/ /pĭuət̚/ /ȶǐe/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/pi̯ə̯u/ /pi̯ə̯uX/ /pi̯uət̚/ /ȶie̯/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		fōu fǒu fu zhī
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		fau1 fau2 fat1 zi1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 不 知
Reading # 1/2 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		bù zhī
Middle
Chinese 		‹ pjuw › ‹ trje ›
Old
Chinese 		/*pə/ /*tre/
English not know

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 不 不 不 知
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3 1/1
No. 1025 1029 1048 11495
Phonetic
component 		不 不 不 矢
Rime
group 		之 之 物 支
Rime
subdivision 		0 0 1 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		不 缶 弗
Old
Chinese 		/*pɯ/ /*pɯʔ/ /*pɯ'/ /*ʔl'e/
Notes 象花柎與本同源 中古才促化 沈兼士依韻會所引說文從口矢聲

Verb

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不知

  1. to not know; to have no idea of; to be ignorant of
    不知其中奧妙／不知其中奥妙  ―  bùzhī qízhōng àomiào  ―  to be ignorant of the marvels therein
    犯錯後還不知悔改 [MSC, trad.]
    犯错后还不知悔改 [MSC, simp.]
    fàncuò hòu hái bùzhī huǐgǎi [Pinyin]
    to not mend one's ways after making a mistake
    唉，我不知何時再能與他相見。 [MSC, trad.]
    唉，我不知何时再能与他相见。 [MSC, simp.]
    Ài, wǒ bùzhī héshí zài néng yǔ tā xiàngjiàn. [Pinyin]
    Alas, I do not know when I will see him again.
  2. to wonder if (as used in a question or request)
    不知您是否有時間。 [MSC, trad.]
    不知您是否有时间。 [MSC, simp.]
    Bùzhī nín shìfǒu yǒu shíjiān. [Pinyin]
    I wonder if you might have time.

Synonyms

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  • (to not know):

Antonyms

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  • (antonym(s) of “to not know”):

Derived terms

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Japanese

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Kanji in this term
不 知
ふ
Grade: 4 		ち
Grade: 2
on'yomi

Etymology

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不(ふ) (fu, “not”) + 知(ち) (chi, “know”)

Noun

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不(ふ)知(ち) • (fuchi) 

  1. ignorance (not knowing)
  2. ignorance (lacking intelligence)

Synonyms

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[edit]

References

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Old Korean

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Alternative forms

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  • 安徐 (entirely phonogramic form, Idu script variant)
  • 不喩 (Idu script variant, believed to be a different term by Vovin; also see Usage Notes)
  • 非知, 未知 (different logogram, gugyeol variant depending on Chinese original text)

Etymology

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Potentially a compound of *an (ancestral negating root) + *to (semantically light noun meaning "objective fact", whence Middle Korean ᄃᆞ (to)) + *-i (some kind of suffix).

Particle

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不知 (*ANti)

  1. Particle negating an adjacent noun or noun phrase.
    • 720, “獻花歌 (Heonhwa-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:
      吾肹不喩慚肹伊賜等
      *NA-hur ANti PWUSkuli-si-n to-n
      It not being that you are bashful of me
    • c. 1170, Interpretive gugyeol glosses to the Avatamsaka Sutra, vol. 35:
      我非知厼堅固爲隱非知厼
      *NA ANti-mye KYEN.KWO-ho-n ANti-mye
      It is not me and it is not solidity
      (N.B. Gugyeol glyphs are given in non-abbreviated forms.)

Usage notes

[edit]
  • This particle was restricted to negating nouns, including nominalized verbs. Verbs were negated with the adverb 不冬 (*ANtol) instead. In every uncontroversial example in the currently known corpus, adjectives were nominalized and then negated with 不知 (*ANti). Whether this represents a genuine grammatical phenomenon in Old Korean or simply coincidence due to the very limited corpus is not clear.
  • Its Middle Korean reflex 아니〮 (àní) served as both a noun and an adverb, having displaced 不冬, and the Modern reflex behaves solely as an adverb. The contemporary form 아니다 (anida, “to not be”), showing an incorporation of the copula 이다 (-ida, “to be”) which combines only with nouns, remains as a vestige of the Old Korean function.
  • Vovin argues that the Idu script variant 不喩 should be seen as a related but different form, which he reconstructs as approximately *AN-koy. Both would be derived from the hypothetical negative root *an-. The conventional view in Korean scholarship is to read 不喩 as a graphic variant of 不知 because fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Idu manuals in Hangul, which conserve significant elements of the Old Korean reading of phonograms, gloss the former sequence as 아닌디 (aninti). Furthermore, there appears to be no semantic difference between 不知 and 不喩. On the other hand, it is difficult to explain how 喩 could ever have been taken as a phonogram for *ti.

Descendants

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  • Middle Korean: 아니 (ani, “not”)
    • Korean: 아니 (ani, “not”)
  • Gyeongsang Korean:
  • ⇒ Middle Korean: 아니다 (anita, “to not be”)
    • ⇒ Korean: 아니다 (anida, “to not be”)
  • → Proto-Northern Tungusic: *anti

See also

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  • 不冬 (*ANtol) (verbal negator)
  • 毛冬 (*mwotol) (marker of inability)
  • 不只 (*ANTOk) (marker of inability)

Further reading

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  • 이용 (Yi Yong) (2003) “釋讀口訣에 나타난 不定詞의 機能에 대하여 [On the functions of the negative particles in interpretive gugyeol]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 11, pages 249–273
  • 남풍현 (Nam Pung-hyeon) (2010) “獻花歌의 解讀 [Readings of the "Heonhwa-ga"]”, in Gugyeol Yeon'gu, volume 24, pages 5–35
  • 박지용 外 (Park Ji-yong et al.) (2012) 향가 해독 자료집 [hyangga haedok jaryojip, A Sourcebook of Hyangga Interpretations], Seoul National University, page 18
  • Alexander Vovin (2018) “Two Tungusic Etymologies”, in Studia Orientalia Slovaca‎[1], volume 17, pages 125–134
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