勿
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Translingual
[edit]Han character
[edit]勿 (Kangxi radical 20, 勹+2, 4 strokes, cangjie input 心竹竹 (PHH), four-corner 27220, composition ⿹勹⿰丿丿)
Derived characters
[edit]See also
[edit]References
[edit]- Kangxi Dictionary: page 150, character 24
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 2501
- Dae Jaweon: page 339, character 14
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 255, character 2
- Unihan data for U+52FF
Chinese
[edit]Glyph origin
[edit]| Historical forms of the character 勿 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
| Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
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Pictogram (象形) – blood on a knife; the original character of 刎 (OC *mɯnʔ, “to cut”). Phonetically borrowed for the negative particle since the time of the oracle bone script.
Unrelated to the right component of a variant of 利, 𥝢, in turn used on top of the character 黎. Also unrelated to 匆.
Etymology 1
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
勿 | |
|---|---|---|
- do not (verb) him/her/it!
- Fusion of 毋 (OC *ma, “should not; don't!”) with 之 (OC *tjɯ, “third-person pronoun”) (Schuessler, 2007).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄨˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: wù
- Wade–Giles: wu4
- Yale: wù
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wuh
- Palladius: у (u)
- Sinological IPA (key): /u⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: mat6
- Yale: maht
- Cantonese Pinyin: mat9
- Guangdong Romanization: med6
- Sinological IPA (key): /mɐt̚²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vu̍t
- Hakka Romanization System: vud
- Hagfa Pinyim: vud6
- Sinological IPA: /vut̚⁵/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
- Southern Min
- Wu
- Middle Chinese: mjut
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*mut/
- (Zhengzhang): /*mɯd/
Definitions
[edit]勿
- (literary or formal, imperative) do not; don't
- (literary) not
- 齊侯欲勿許。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: Commentary of Zuo, c. 4th century BCE
- Qí hóu yù wù xǔ. [Pinyin]
- Duke Ling of Qi wanted to not agree.
齐侯欲勿许。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
- Used in 勿勿.
Synonyms
[edit]Compounds
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]| simp. and trad. |
勿 | |
|---|---|---|
| alternative forms | 伐 弗 不 | |
According to Pan (2002), developed from a labiodentalized and checked variant of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ').
In certain varieties the initial has gained voicing and in some cases caused the word shifted to yang tones, either restricted to specific syntactical positions or in all contexts. See also 弗 (feq).
Pronunciation
[edit]- Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Jiading)
- (Northern: Shanghai)
- Wugniu: 7veq
- MiniDict: veh入
- Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 4veq
- Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /vəʔ⁵⁵/
- (Northern: Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Tongxiang, Haining, Haiyan, Shaoxing)
- (Northern: Songjiang, Jiaxing)
- (Northern: Chongming)
- (Northern: Ningbo)
- (Jinhua)
Note:
- 8veq - tonal innovation specific to urban Shanghainese, demonstrates same left-prominent tone sandhi pattern as tone 6 in chains of more than 3 character;
- 7veq - the character sandhis as tone 7 in urban Shanghainese and most Suburban Shanghainese varieties, sometimes also realised as [βəʔ~ʋəʔ] depending on absence or presence of the /u/-/β/ merger often recognized as a shared innovation across suburban Shanghainese varieties.
Definitions
[edit]勿
Synonyms
[edit]Usage notes
[edit]- In Urban Shanghainese, 勿 has the same tone sandhi as the light departing (陽去) tone, as opposed to the expected light checked (陽入) tone. This had developed from a stage in which the character had the dark checked (陽入) tone and the voiced initial of /β~v/, reflecting a transitional stage in the character's gain of voicing in Shanghai. The dark checked tone sandhi pattern is still preserved in more conservative urban lects, as well as the majority of non-urban Shanghainese varieties.
- 勿, 弗 and 伐 are all characters that have been popular in representing the checked and labiodentalized series of negators, generally pronounced as /fəʔ/, /vəʔ/ or both depending on the exact variety. In historical literature, the exact choice of character varied between the topolects and the preferences of individual writers.
- In some contemporary proposals aiming to standardize cross-topolectal writing in Wu, it is preferred that the voiced variants of the negator be written with 勿 and the unvoiced variants of the negator with 弗. This is often received somewhat inconsistently, however, and the choice between the variant characters remains largely a matter of personal preference.
Compounds
[edit]Etymology 3
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Definitions
[edit]勿
- (Southern Min) Alternative form of 莫 (“(imperative) do not; don't”)
Etymology 4
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄇㄛˋ
- Tongyong Pinyin: mò
- Wade–Giles: mo4
- Yale: mwò
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: moh
- Palladius: мо (mo)
- Sinological IPA (key): /mu̯ɔ⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese)+
Definitions
[edit]勿
- Only used in 卹勿.
Japanese
[edit]Kanji
[edit]勿
Readings
[edit]Compounds
[edit]- 勿体無い (mottainai): too good, wasteful
- 勿論 (mochiron): of course, certainly
- 勿怪の幸い (mokke no saiwai): unexpected gain, bonanza, windfall
Noun
[edit]- must not, do not, be not
Korean
[edit]Hanja
[edit]勿 (eumhun 말 물 (mal mul))
勿 (eumhun 아닐 물 (anil mul))
Vietnamese
[edit]Han character
[edit]勿: Hán Nôm readings: vật, vặt, vất
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Zhuang
[edit]Noun
[edit]勿
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