甲

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See also: 田, 由, 申, and 曱
甲 U+7532, 甲
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7532
← 由
[U+7531] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 申 →
[U+7533]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Alternative forms

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Han character

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See images of
Radical 102 甲

甲 (Kangxi radical 102, 田+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 田中 (WL), four-corner 60500, composition ⿻日丨 or ⿻囗十)

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 758, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21725
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1167, character 3
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2525, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+7532

Chinese

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Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 甲
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (甲) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
笚 *ʔl'aːb, *ɡraːb
閘 *klaːb, *sɡreːb, *qraːb
鉀 *klaːb, *kraːb
甲 *kraːb
胛 *kraːb
岬 *kraːb
押 *kraːb, *qraːb
玾 *kraːb
呷 *qʰraːb
匣 *ɡraːb
狎 *ɡraːb
柙 *ɡraːb
翈 *ɡraːb
炠 *ɡraːb
鴨 *qraːb
庘 *qraːb

Pictogram (象形) : a turtle shell. In the character 卑 it represents a fan held in hand.

Etymology 1

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simp. and trad.
 甲
alternative forms 𠇚
𡴌
𤰒
鉀／钾

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *krap (“shell; shield”). Cognate with Tibetan ཁྲབ (khrab, “coat of mail; shield”). Perhaps related to 鞈 (OC *kuːb, *kruːb, “leather jerkin or cuirass”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • kah - vernacular (“shell; plate armor; nail; the first of the ten heavenly stems; number one”);
  • kap - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 甲 甲 (指甲)
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕia²¹⁴/ /t͡ɕia⁰/
Harbin /t͡ɕia²¹³/ /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Tianjin /t͡ɕiɑ¹³/ /t͡ɕiɑ¹³/
Jinan /t͡ɕia²¹³/ /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/ /t͡ɕia⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕia²⁴/ /t͡ɕia²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕia²¹/ /t͡ɕia²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕia⁴⁴/ /t͡sz̩⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕia¹³/ /t͡ɕia¹³/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕia¹³/ /t͡ɕia³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕia⁵¹/ /t͡ɕia²¹³/
Wuhan /t͡ɕia²¹³/ /ka²¹³/ 舊
/t͡ɕia²¹³/ 新
Chengdu /t͡ɕia³¹/ /t͡ɕia³¹/
Guiyang /t͡ɕia²¹/ /t͡ɕia²¹/
Kunming /t͡ɕia̠³¹/ /t͡ɕia̠³¹/
Nanjing /t͡ɕiɑʔ⁵/ /t͡ɕiɑʔ⁵/
Hefei /t͡ɕiɐʔ⁵/ /t͡ɕiɐʔ⁵/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiaʔ²/ /t͡ɕiaʔ²/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiʌʔ¹³/ /t͡ɕiʌʔ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕiaʔ⁴³/ /t͡ɕiaʔ⁴³/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiaʔ⁵/ /kʰaʔ⁵/
Suzhou /kaʔ⁵/ /kaʔ⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕiɑʔ⁵/ /t͡ɕiɑʔ⁵/
Wenzhou /ka²¹³/ /ka²¹³/
Hui Shexian /kaʔ²¹/ /kaʔ²¹/
Tunxi /kɔ⁵/ /kɔ⁵/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕia²⁴/
/ka²⁴/ 		/t͡ɕia²⁴/
/ka²⁴/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕiɒ²⁴/ /ʈ͡ʂʐ̩²⁴/
Gan Nanchang /kaʔ⁵/ /kaʔ⁵/
Hakka Meixian /kap̚¹/ /kap̚¹/
Taoyuan /kɑp̚²²/ /kɑp̚²²/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kap̚³/ /kap̚³/
Nanning /kap̚³³/ /kɛp̚³³/
Hong Kong /kap̚³/ /kap̚³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kap̚³²/
/kaʔ³²/ 		/kap̚³²/
/kaʔ³²/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kɑʔ²³/ /kɑʔ²³/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /ka²⁴/ /ka²⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kaʔ²/ /kaʔ²/
Haikou (Hainanese) /ka⁵⁵/ /ka⁵⁵/
Rime
Character 甲
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 狎 (150)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) II
Fanqie 古狎切
Baxter kaep
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠap̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚap̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kap̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kaɨp̚/
Li
Rong 		/kap̚/
Wang
Li 		/kap̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/kap̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jia
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gaap3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 甲
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jiǎ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kæp ›
Old
Chinese 		/*[k]ˁr[a]p/
English 1st heavenly stem; fingernail

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 甲
Reading # 1/1
No. 5931
Phonetic
component 		甲
Rime
group 		盍
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		甲
Old
Chinese 		/*kraːb/
Notes 甲金文作十或田，
象龜甲裂紋

Definitions

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甲

  1. shell; carapace
  2. plate armor
  3. nail (plate at the end of fingers and toes)
  4. the first of the ten heavenly stems
  5. number one; first; A
    中国足球协会甲级联赛 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    zhōngguó zúqiú xiéhuì jiǎjí liánsài [Pinyin]
    Chinese Football Association League 1
  6. pronoun for an unspecified or unknown person or thing
  7. a surname
Coordinate terms
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Compounds

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Descendants

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  • → Thai: กาบ (gàap)
  • → Zhuang: gyap
  • → Old Turkic: qap

Etymology 2

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simp. and trad.
 甲

Borrowed from Dutch akker (“field”) or morgen (“morning”).[1]

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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甲

  1. (Taiwan) unit of land (area) measure, equivalent to 2,934 坪 (píng) or 0.97 hectares,[2] roughly 2.1 acres

Etymology 3

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simp. and trad.
 甲
alternative forms 𢓜
徦
到
仔 (á)

From 到 (kàu).

Pronunciation 1

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Definitions
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甲 (Southern Min)

  1. Used after a verb or an adjective and before a degree complement.
    講甲真好／讲甲真好 [Hokkien]  ―  kóng kah chin hó [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to speak very well
  2. (Taiwan) to; until; to the extent
Synonyms
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  • (used after a verb or an adjective and before a degree complement): 得 (dé)

Pronunciation 2

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Definitions
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甲

  1. (Xiamen, Quanzhou and Philippine Hokkien) very; really; badly
    今仔日寒甲。 [Hokkien, trad. and simp.]
    kin-á-li̍t kôaⁿ kah [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]
    Today's really cold.

Etymology 4

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Probably from 敢 (kám, káⁿ).

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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甲

  1. (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) how is it that; how could
  2. (Taiwanese Hokkien) since; as; now that; considering
Synonyms
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Etymology 5

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simp. and trad.
 甲

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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甲

  1. (Southern Min) Alternative form of 佮 (kah, kap, “and; with”)

Etymology 6

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Pronunciation

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Definitions

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甲

  1. (Southern Min) Alternative form of 共 (kā)

Etymology 7

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Homophone of 假 in Mandarin, from Hokkien pronunciation ké, from English gay.

Pronunciation

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Definitions

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甲

  1. (Taiwanese Mandarin) gay; homosexual

Compounds

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References

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  1. ^ Andrade, Tonio (2005) “Appendix A: Weights, Measures, and Exchange Rates”, in How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century, Columbia University Press, →ISBN.
  2. ^ “Entry #1857”, in 教育部臺灣台語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwanese Taigi] (overall work in Mandarin and Hokkien), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2024.

Japanese

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Kanji

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甲

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
甲
こう
Grade: S
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 甲 (kæp).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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甲(こう) • (kō) ←かふ (kafu)?

  1. carapace, shell
  2. something A
    1. first in rank
    2. instep or the back of the hand
    3. the first party

Proper noun

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

甲(こう) • (Kō) 

  1. the first of the ten heavenly stems
    Hypernyms: 天干 (tenkan), 十干 (jikkan)
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
甲
よろい
Grade: S
kun'yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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甲(よろい) • (yoroi) ←よろひ (yorofi)?

  1. armor

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
甲
かん
Grade: S
kan'yōon

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Noun

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甲(かん) • (kan) 

  1. treble range

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
甲
きのえ
Grade: S
kun'yomi

木 (Ki, “Wood”, one of the Five Elements) +‎ の (no, attributive marker) +‎ 兄 (e, “elder brother”)

Pronunciation

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Proper noun

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甲(きのえ) • (Kinoe) 

  1. the first of the ten heavenly stems
    Hypernyms: 天干 (tenkan), 十干 (jikkan)
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 甲 (MC kaep). Recorded as Middle Korean 갑〮 (káp) (Yale: kap) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Compare modern Cantonese 甲 (gaap3) and Hakka 甲 (gab5).

Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

甲 (eumhun 갑옷 갑 (gabot gap))
甲 (eumhun 첫째 천간(天干) 갑)

  1. hanja form? of 갑 (“armor; shell”)
  2. hanja form? of 갑 (“the first of the ten heavenly stems; something A”)

Compounds

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Armor; Shell
The first of the ten heavenly stems; Something A

Noun

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Hanja in this term
甲

甲 • (gap) (hangeul 갑)

  1. (in headlines) number one, thus the best
    "가성비甲" 획기적 상품 출시!
    "gaseongbigap" hoekgijeok sangpum chulsi!
    This innovative product is the best bang for your buck!
  2. (law) something A; the first party
    상기 乙은 본 문서에 명시된 업무와 관련하여 甲에게 근로를 제공한다.
    sanggi eureun myeongsidoen eommuwa gwallyeonhayeo gabege geulloreul jegonghanda.
    The B (employee) indicated above will provide labour to A (employer) according to the tasks indicated in this document.

Usage notes

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  • A common convention in news headlines or legal documents, these particular senses are often written in the Hanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of any Hanja.

Antonyms

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  • (antonym(s) of “(law) something A; the first party”): 乙을 (eul, “something B”)

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [1]

Vietnamese

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Han character

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甲: Hán Nôm readings: giáp, giẹp, kép, nháp, ráp

  1. chữ Hán form of Giáp (“first of the ten heavenly stems”).
    Hypernyms: 天干, 十干
    Coordinate terms: 甲, 乙, 丙, 丁, 戊, 己, 庚, 辛, 壬, 癸
  2. chữ Hán form of Giáp (“a male given name”).
    武元甲 ― Võ Nguyên Giáp
  3. chữ Hán form of giáp (“armour; carapace; cycle of twelve years”).

Compounds

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